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CYNAP phenomenon 207 cytokeratin (34bE12), mouse
been useful for detecting discrete gene products. Standard
CDC is not the recommended procedure for defining HLA
molecule-binding specificities. The anti-globulin-augmented
CDC (AHG-CDC) more accurately defines the true
binding capabilities of alloantisera than do complementindependent
assays by overriding the CYNAP phenomenon.
CDC is the procedure of choice for HLA antigen detection
and HLA antiserum analysis.
CYNAP phenomenon
Refer to CYNAP antibodies.
cytochalasins
Metabolites of various species of fungi that affect microfilaments.
They bind to one end of actin filaments and block
their polymerization. Thus, they paralyze locomotion,
phagocytosis, capping, cytokinesis, etc.
cytochrome b deficiency
Refer to chronic granulomatous disease.
cytochrome c
Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation
of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to
altered mitochondrial membrane permeability, resulting
in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In the cytosol
or on the surfaces of the mitochondria, cytochrome c is
bound by the Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor)
protein that also binds caspase 9 and dATP. Binding of
cytochrome c triggers activation of caspase 9, which then
IL-6
Recruitment
activation
Hepatocyte
APRPs Matrix
IL-2
TNF-α, LT,
IL-2, IFN-γ
CSFs
TGF-β
IL-2R
Fibroblast
accelerates apotosis by activating other caspases. Release of
cytochrome c from mitochondria has been established by
determining the distribution of cytochrome c in subcellular
fractions of cells treated or untreated to induce apoptosis.
Cytochrome c was primarily in the mitochondria-containing
fractions obtained from healthy, non-apoptotic cells
in the cytosolic non-mitochondria-containing fractions
obtained from apoptotic cells. Using mitochondria-enriched
fractions from mouse liver, rat liver, or cultured cells demonstrated
that release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
is greatly accelerated by addition of Bax, fragments of Bid,
and by cell extracts.
cytokeratin (34E12), mouse
Anti-cytokeratin (34βE12) mouse monoclonal antibody
detects cytokeratin, 34βE12, a high molecular weight cytokeratin
that reacts with all squamous and ductal epithelium
and stains carcinomas. This antibody recognizes cytokeratins
1,5,10, and 14 found in complex epithelia. Cytokeratin,
34βE12, shows no reactivity with hepatocytes, pancreatic
acinar cells, proximal renal tubules or endometrial glands
or reactivity with cells derived from simple epithelia.
Mesenchymal tumors, lymphomas, melanomas, neural
tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors are unreactive with this
antibody. Cytokeratin 34βE12 has been shown to be useful
in distinguishing prostatic adenocarcinoma from hyperplasia
of the prostate.
IL-1α/β,
Ag–MHC
complex
Stem cells Leukocytes
Bone marrow
Autocrine
stimulation
Macrophage
TNF-α,
IL-1α/β
Chemokines Adhesion
molecules
Stimulus
LPS, IFN-γ
Endothelial
cell
IL-1α/β
IL-6
Recruitment
into lesion
Blood leukocytes
Generation of cytokines (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T helper lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages).
C