Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

corticotrophin receptor antibodies (CRAs) 198 Cowden syndrome
IL-1 receptor
Corticosteroid
barrier
macrophages. Glucocorticoids have been widely administered
for their immunosuppressive properties in autoimmune
diseases such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and inflammatory
bowel disease. They are also used in the treatment of
various allergic reactions and for bronchial asthma and have
been widely used in organ transplantation, especially prior
to the introduction of cyclosporine and related drugs. They
have been used to manage rejection crises without producing
bone marrow toxicity. Long-term usage has adverse
effects that include adrenal suppression.
corticotrophin receptor antibodies (CRAs)
Adrenal antibodies that have a role in the pathogenesis
of Addison’s disease. Corticotrophin receptor antibodies
(CRAs) may block adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
binding to specific receptors on cells of the adrenal cortex.
Corticotrophin receptor antibodies of the stimulatory type
may be found in Cushing’s syndrome attributable to primary
pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease.
corticotrophin receptor autoantibodies (CRAs)
Blocking autoantibodies that function by inhibiting adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH) binding to its receptors
on adrenal cortical cells. CRAs have high sensitivity
specificity and predictive value for idiopathic Addison’s
disease. Cushing’s syndrome due to primary pigmented
nodular adrenocortical disease is associated with stimulatory
CRAs.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae immunity
Toxins produced by all strains of this organism are identical
immunologically; thus antitoxins may neutralize them
equally. A single toxoid is used for effective immunization.
There is no type-specific immunity. Immunization does
not protect against the infection but against the systemic
and local effects of the toxin. A high level of immunity is
conferred, but it is not complete.
costimulator
An antigen-presenting cell-surface molecule that supplies a
stimulus, serving as a second signal, requisite for activation
of naïve T lymphocytes, in addition to antigen (the first
signal). An example of a costimulator is the B7 molecule
on professional antigen-presenting cells that binds to the
CD28 molecules on T lymphocytes. Another example is the
interaction of CD40 with CD40L on B cells.
Mechanism of action of corticosteroids.
Macrophage
stimulant
Normal signal
transducer
IL-1 gene
costimulatory blockade
Deliberate interruption of costimulatory signal transmission
that leads to anergy and antigen-specific T lymphocytes.
costimulatory molecules
Membrane-bound or secreted products of accessory cells
that activate signal transduction events in addition to those
induced by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–T cell
receptor (TCR) interactions. They are required for full activation
of T cells, and it is thought that adjuvants may work
by enhancing the expression of costimulator molecules by
accessory cells. The interaction of CD28/CTLA-4 with B7
to induce full transcription of IL2 mRNA is an example of
a costimulator mechanism.
costimulatory signal
An extra signal requisite to induce proliferation of antigenprimed
T lymphocytes. It is generated by the interaction
of CD28 on T cells with B7 on antigen-presenting cells or
altered self cells. In B cell activation, an analogous second
signal is illustrated by the interaction of CD40 on B cells
with CD40-L on activated T helper cells.
Coulombic forces
See ionic or Coulombic forces.
counter current electrophoresis
Refer to counter immunoelectrophoresis.
counter electrophoresis
Refer to counter immunoelectrophoresis.
counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)
An immunoassay in which antigen and antibody are placed
into wells in agar gel, followed by electrophoresis in which
the negatively charged antigen migrates toward the antibody,
which moves toward the antigen by electroendosmosis.
Interaction of antigen and antibody molecules in the gel
leads to the formation of a precipitin line. The method has
been used to identify serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria meningitidis groups, and Haemophilus
influenzae type b.
counter migration electrophoresis
Refer to counter immunoelectrophoresis.
coverage (vaccine)
Refer to efficacy.
Cowden syndrome
Increased propensity to develop various neoplasms as a
consequence of germline mutations in the tumor suppressor
gene PTEN.