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cooperation 196 corneal test
Albert Hewett Coons.
cooperation
Refer to T lymphocyte–B lymphocyte cooperation.
cooperative determinant
Carrier determinant.
cooperativity
The effect observed when two binding sites are linked to
their ligand to yield an effect of binding to both that is greater
than the sum of each binding site acting independently.
copolymer
A polymer such as a polypeptide comprised of at least two separate
chemical specificities such as two different amino acids.
copper and immunity
The copper trace metal is a requisite for a healthy immune
system. Copper insufficiency in humans leads to pathologic
effects that may include cerebral degeneration in
Menkes’ syndrome and increased susceptibility to infection
among infants who are copper-deficient. In neonatal
copper deficiency there is a marked neutropenia associated
with infections. Insufficient copper intake among domestic
animals leads to diminished bactericidal activity, impairment
of neutrophil function, and increased susceptibility to
bacterial and fungus infections.
copper deficiency
Trace amounts of copper are requisite for the ontogeny and
proper functioning of the immune system. Neonates and
malnourished children with copper deficiency may have
associated neutropenia and an increased incidence of infection.
Antioxidant enzyme levels are diminished in copper
deficiency. This may render immunologically competent
cells unprotected against elevated oxygen metabolism associated
with immune activation.
coprecipitation
The addition of an antibody specific for either the antigen
portion or the antibody portion of immune complexes to
effect their precipitation. Protein A may be added instead to
precipitate soluble immune complexes. The procedure may
be employed to quantify low concentrations of radiolabeled
antigen that are combined with excess antibody. After
soluble complexes have formed, antiimmunoglobulin or
protein A is added to induce coprecipitation.
coproantibody
A gastrointestinal tract antibody, commonly of the immunoglobulin
A (IgA) class, present in the intestinal lumen or feces.
coral immunity
Syngrafts, i.e., genetically identical grafts, are successful
in corals. By contrast, allografts of genetically nonidentical
ones are rejected slowly with injury to both donor and
recipient. A vestige of adaptive immunity is revealed by
limited evidence of immunological memory of a prior rejection
episode.
cords of Billroth
Splenic medullary cords.
core (HIV)
Genomic RNA and its associated proteins, the capsid and
the matrix.
coreceptor
A cell surface protein that increases the sensitivity of an
antigen receptor to antigen by binding to associated ligands
and facilitating signaling for activation. CD4 and CD8 are T
cell coreceptors that bind nonpolymorphic parts of a major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule concurrently
with the T cell receptor (TCR) binding to polymorphic residues
and the bound peptide. A coreceptor is a structure on
the surface of a lymphocyte that binds to a part of an antigen
simultaneously with membrane immunoglobulin (Ig)
or TCR binding of antigen and transmits signals required
for optimal lymphocyte activation. CD4 and CD8 represent
T cell coreceptors that bind nonpolymorphic regions of an
MHC molecule simultaneously with the binding of the TCR
to polymorphic residues and the exhibited peptide. Contact
between the pMHC and the T cell receptor is stabilized by
the binding, which also seeks protein tyrosine kinases that
engage in intracellular signaling. The CD19–CD21–CD81
complex acts as a B cell coreceptor.
corneal response
In an animal that has been previously sensitized to an antigen,
the cornea of the eye may become clouded (or develop
opacities) after injection of the same antigen into it. Edema
and lymphocytic and macrophage infiltration into the area
occur. The response has been suggested to represent cellmediated
immunity.
corneal test
Refer to corneal response.
Vascularized
Unvascularized
Corneal transplant.