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control tolerance 195 Coons, Albert Hewett (1912–1978)
A positive control known to contain the substance under
analysis and a negative control known not to contain the
substance under analysis are required.
control tolerance
The mechanism that involves the absence or functional
inactivation of cells requisite for the initiation of an immune
response. These cells are defective or inactivated. Control
tolerance affects the afferent limb of the immune response,
which is concerned with sensitization and cell proliferation.
convalescent serum
A patient’s blood serum sample obtained 2 to 3 weeks
following the beginning of a disease. The finding of an antibody
titer to a pathogenic microorganism that is higher than
the titer of a serum sample taken earlier in the disease is
considered to signify infection produced by that particular
microorganism. For example, a fourfold or greater elevation
in antibody titer would represent presumptive evidence that
a particular virus had induced the infection in question.
conventional (holoxenic) animals
Experimental animals exclusive of those raised in a gnotobiotic
or germ-free environment.
conventional mouse
A mouse maintained under ordinary living conditions and
provided water and food on a regular basis.
convertase
An enzyme that transforms a complement protein into its
active form by cleaving it. The generation of C3/C5 convertase
is a critical event in complement activation.
Cooke, Robert Anderson (1880–1960)
American immunologist and allergist who was instrumental
in the founding of several allergy societies. With Coca, he
classified allergies in humans. He also pioneered skin test
methods and desensitization techniques.
Robin R.A. Coombs.
Coombs, Robin (Robert Royston
Amos Coombs, 1921–2006)
British pathologist and immunologist best known for the
Coombs’ test for detecting immunoglobulin on the surface
of a patient’s red blood cells. The test was developed in
the 1940s to demonstrate autoantibodies on the surfaces of
red blood cells that failed to cause agglutination of these
RBC
erythrocytes. It is a test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Coombs also contributed much to serology, immunohematology,
and immunopathology. (Refer to The Serology of
Conglutination and Its Relation to Disease, 1961; Clinical
Aspects of Immunology [with Gell], 1963.)
Coombs’ test
An antiglobulin assay that detects immunoglobulin on the
surfaces of red blood cells. The test was developed in the
1940s by Robin Coombs to demonstrate autoantibodies on
the surfaces of red blood cells that failed to cause agglutination
of the cells. In the direct Coombs’ test, rabbit antihuman
immunoglobulin is added to a suspension of the patient’s red
cells; if the cells are coated with autoantibody, agglutination
results. In the indirect Coombs’ test, the patient’s serum can
be used to coat erythrocytes that are then washed and the
anti-immunoglobulin reagent added to produce agglutination
if the antibodies in question are present in the serum sample.
The Coombs’ test has long been a part of an autoimmune
disease evaluation of patients. Refer to antiglobulin test.
Epitope
on cell
surface
Agglutination No Agglutination
RBC
RBC
Anti-human Ig
Anti-human Ig
Antibody
Non-agglutinating
specific antibody
Rabbit anti-human
immunoglobulin
RBC RBC RBC
Anti-human Ig
Schematic representation of the mechanism of the Coombs’ test.
Epitope
on cell
surface
Schematic representation of the mechanisms of antiglobulin used to demonstrate
nonagglutinating antibodies on red cell surfaces in autoimmune
hemolytic anemia.
Coons, Albert Hewett (1912–1978)
American immunologist and bacteriologist who was an
early leader in immunohistochemistry with the development
of fluorescent antibodies. Coons, a professor at Harvard,
received the Lasker medal in 1959, the Ehrlich prize in
1961, and the Behring prize in 1966.
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