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acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies 6 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Gal
α1 2
Fuc
β1 4
GlcNAc
β1 3
Gal
Gal = Galactose
GlcNAc = N-acetylglucosamine
Fuc = Fucose
Chemical structure of H antigen which is a specificity of the ABO blood
group system.
CH 4
CH 3
RBC
RBC
H L
IgM
J chain
VL
CL
RBC
RBC
CH 2
CH 1
Agglutination of human red blood cells (RBCs) by natural isohemagglutinins
that are antibodies of the IgM class.
Abrin-A
Abrin.
VH
include the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, CD3 components of
the T cell receptor, adhesion molecules, and costimulatory
molecules.
acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies
Antibodies found in approximately 73% of alcoholic
and in 39% of nonalcoholic liver disease (e.g., primary
biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, acute viral and
drug-induced hepatitis). The highest titers of these autoantibodies
are found in advanced stages of alcoholic and
nonalcoholic liver disease. Alcoholics develop acetaldehyde
adduct autoantibodies to apo B-containing lipoproteins,
particularly very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs); 33%
of alcoholic patients with heart muscle disease develop
cardiac–protein–acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies that
could be potential markers for this heart condition.
acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies
IgG autoantibodies that cause loss of function of AChRs
that are critical to chemical transmission of the nerve
impulse at the neuromuscular junction. This represents a
type II mechanism of hypersensitivity, according to the
Coombs and Gell classification. AChR antibodies are
heterogeneous, with some showing specificity for antigenic
determinants other than those that serve as acetylcholine
or α-bungarotoxin binding sites. As many as 85 to 95% of
myasthenia gravis patients may manifest AChR antibodies.
acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies
Autoantibodies binding acetylcholine receptors react with
several epitopes other than the binding site for ACh or
α-bungarotoxin. They are found in 88% of patients with
generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), 70% of patients
with ocular myasthenia, and 80% of patients with MG
in remission. They decrease in titer when weakness is
reduced with immunosuppressive therapy. AChR-blocking
autoantibodies react with the AChR binding site. They are
found in 50% of patients with MG, in 30% of patients with
ocular MG, and in 20% of patients with MG in remission.
AChR-modulating autoantibodies crosslink AChRs and
induce their removal from muscle membrane surfaces. They
are present in more than 90% of patients with MG. AChR
autoantibodies of one or more types are present in at least
80% of patients with ocular MG.
acoelomate
A lower invertebrate animal lacking a body cavity.
acquired agammaglobulinemia
Refer to common variable immunodeficiency.
acquired B antigen
The alteration of A1 erythrocyte membrane through the
action of such bacteria as Escherichia coli, Clostridium
tertium, and Bacteroides fragilis to make it react as if it
were a group B antigen. The named microorganisms can be
associated with gastrointestinal infection or carcinoma.
acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency
A condition in which the C1 inhibitor is inactivated,
resulting in elevated C4 and C2 cleavage as C1 is activated.
Patients experience repeated laryngeal, intestinal,
and subcutaneous tissue swelling. A kinin-like peptide
derived from C2b promotes vascular permeability and
produces symptoms. Subjects with B lymphocyte or plasma
cell monoclonal proliferation may develop acquired C1
inhibitor deficiency. These syndromes include multiple
myeloma, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, and B cell
lymphoma. Subjects may develop antiidiotypic antibodies
against membrane immunoglobulins or myeloma proteins.
Idiotype–anti-idiotype interactions at cell membranes may
result in C1 fixation and may increase utilization of C4 and
C2 as well as C1 inhibitor.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A retroviral disease marked by profound immunosuppression
that leads to opportunistic infections, secondary
neoplasms, and neurologic manifestations. It is caused by
the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the causative
agent for most cases worldwide, with a few cases in western