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congenital agammaglobulinemia 192 connective tissue disease
polysaccharide. Conjugate vaccines have reduced morbidity
and mortality for a number of bacterial diseases in
vulnerable populations such as very young or adults with
immunodeficiencies. An example of a conjugate vaccine is
the Haemophilus influenzae 6 polysaccharide polyribosyl-
ribitol phosphate vaccine.
congenital agammaglobulinemia
Refer to X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
congenital immunodeficiency
A varied group of unusual disorders with associated autoimmune
manifestations, increased incidence of malignancy,
allergy, and gastrointestinal abnormalities. These include
defects in stem cells, B cells, T cells, phagocytic defects,
and complement defects. An example is severe combined
immunodeficiency due to various causes. The congenital
immunodeficiencies are described under the separate disease
categories.
congenital neutropenia
A primary immunodeficiency of innate immunity attributable
to mutations in the neutrophil elastase gene complicit
in extracellular matrix dissolution. Causes constant neutropenia,
i.e., severe congenital neutropenia, or intermittent
cyclic neutropenia.
conglutinating complement absorption test
An assay based on the removal of complement from the
reaction medium if an antigen–antibody complex develops.
This is a test for antibody. As in the complement fixation
test, a visible or indicator combination must be added to
determine whether any unbound complement is present.
This is accomplished by adding sensitized erythrocytes and
conglutinin, which is prepared by combining sheep erythrocytes
with bovine serum that contains natural antibody
against sheep erythrocytes as well as conglutinin. Horse
serum may be used as a source of nonhemolytic complement
for the reaction. Aggregation of the erythrocytes
constitutes a negative test.
conglutination
The strong agglutination of antigen–antibody–complement
complexes by conglutinin, a factor present in normal sera
of cows and other ruminants. The complexes are similar
to EAC1423 and are aggregated by conglutinin in the presence
of Ca 2+ , which is a required cation. Conglutination
is a sensitive technique for detecting complement-fixing
antibodies.
conglutinin
A bovine serum protein that reacts with fixed C3. It
causes the tight aggregation (i.e., conglutination) of red
blood cells coated with complement. Conglutinin, which
is confined to sera of Bovidae, is not to be confused with
immunoconglutinin, which has a similar activity but is
produced in other species by immunization with complement-coated
substances or may develop spontaneously
following activation of complement in vivo. Conglutinin
reacts with antigen–antibody–complement complexes in
a medium containing Ca 2+ . The N-linked oligosaccharide
of the C3bi α chain is its ligand. The phagocytosis
of C3bi-containing immune complexes is increased by
interaction with conglutinin. Conglutinin contains twelve
33-kDa polypeptide chains that are indistinguishable and
are grouped into four subunits. Following a 25-residue
amino terminal sequence, there is a 13-kDa sequence that
resembles collagen in each chain. The 20-kDa carboxyl-
terminal segments form globular structures that contain
disulfide-linked chains.
conglutinin solid-phase assay
A test that quantifies C3bi-containing complexes that
may activate complement by either the classical or the
alternate pathway.
conjugate
Usually refers to the covalent bonding of a protein carrier
with a hapten; may refer to the labeling of a molecule such
as an immunoglobulin with fluorescein isothiocyanate,
ferritin, or an enzyme used in the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent
assay.
Conjugate vaccine.
conjugated antigen
Refer to conjugate.
connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III)
A platelet granule peptide derived by proteolytic processing
from its CXC chemokine precursor, leukocyte-derived
growth factor. It has a powerful effect on fibroblast growth,
wound repair, inflammation, and neoplasia. CTAP-III and
neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (NAP-2) are heparanases
whose growth-promoting activities may be consequences of
heparan sulfate solubilization and bound growth factors in
extracellular matrix. CTAP-III is a member of the family of
molecules known as histamine release factors. In allergicstate,
late-phase reactions, CTAP-III may either stimulate
or inhibit histamine release based on relative concentration,
pattern of release, and responsiveness of basophils and
mast cells. The ability of CTAP-III to activate neutrophils
is a critical link between platelet activation and neutrophil
recruitment in stimulation, which are key features of
inflammatory reactions in allergic conditions.
connective tissue disease
One of a group of diseases, formerly known as collagen
vascular diseases, that affect blood vessels producing fibrinoid
necrosis in connective tissues. The prototype of a systemic
connective tissue disease is systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE). Also included in this classification are systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma), rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis,
polymyositis, Sjögren’s syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, and a
number of other disorders believed to have immunological etiologies
and pathogenesis. They are often accompanied by the
development of autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies
or antiimmunoglobulin antibodies such as rheumatoid factors.