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colon autoantibodies 184 combination therapy
in the sera of 79% of ulcerative colitis patients. Antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies, distinct from the pANCA of systemic
vasculitis and the cANCA of Wegener’s granulomatosis, are
detectable in 70% of ulcerative colitis patients.
colon autoantibodies
Seventy-one percent of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have
immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies reactive with rat epithelial
cells. A monoclonal antibody against colonic epithelium
crossreacted with Barrett epithelium adenocarcinoma
and Barrett esophagus epithelium. Other studies revealed
shared phenotypic expression of colonic, biliary, and Barrett
epithelium. Seventy percent of patients with colitis manifest
antibodies reactive with neutrophil cytoplasm distinct from
cANCA and pANCA. Of the IgG subclasses of antibodies
against colonic antigens, IgG 4 and IgG 1 have shown the
greatest reactivity in separate studies and have differentiated
ulcerative colitis patients from Crohn’s disease.
colon–ovary tumor antigen (COTA)
A type of mucin demonstrable by immunoperoxidase staining
in all colon neoplasms and in some ovarian tumors.
COTA occurs infrequently in other neoplasms. Normal
tissues express limited quantities of COTA.
colony-forming unit (CFU)
Hematopoietic stem cells and the progeny cells that derive
from them. Mature (end-stage) hematopoietic cells in the
blood are considered to develop from one CFU. Some progenitor
cells are precursors of erythrocytes, others are precursors
of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes,
and still others are megakaryocyte and platelet precursors.
A gauge of the number of hematopoietic progenitors in a
specimen capable of forming a colony comprised of a specific
type or types of hematopoietic cells.
colony-forming unit, spleen (CFU-S)
A hematopoietic precursor cell that can produce tiny nodules
in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice. These small
nodular areas are sites of cellular proliferation. Each arises
from a single cell or colony-forming unit. CFU-S cells form
colonies of pluripotent stem cells.
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Glycoproteins that govern the formation, differentiation,
and function of hematopoietic cells including granulocytes
and monomacrophage system cells. CSFs promote
the growth, maturation, and differentiation of stem cells
to produce progenitor cell colonies. They facilitate the
development of functional end-stage cells. They act on cells
through specific receptors on target cell surfaces. T cells,
fibroblasts, and endothelial cells produce CSFs. Different
colony-stimulating factors act on cell line progenitors
that include CFU-E (red blood cell precursors), GM-CFC
(granulocyte–macrophage colony-forming cells), MEG-
CFC (megakaryocyte colony-forming cells), EO-CFC
(eosinophil–leukocyte colony-forming cells), T cells, and B
cells. CSFs promote the clonal growth of cells and include
granulocyte CSF that is synthesized by endothelial cells,
macrophages, and fibroblasts. It activates the formation of
granulocytes and is synergistic with interleukin-3 (IL3) in
the generation of megakaryocytes and granulocytes–macrophages.
Endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
form granulocyte–macrophage CSF, which stimulates
granulocyte and macrophage colony formation. It also
stimulates megakaryocyte blast cells. Colony-stimulating
factor 1 is produced by endothelial cells, macrophages,
and fibroblasts and induces the generation of macrophage
colonies. Multi-CSF (IL-3) is produced by T lymphocytes
and activates the generation of granulocytes, macrophages,
eosinophils, and mast cell colonies. It is synergistic with
other factors in activating hematopoietic precursor cells.
Renal interstitial cells synthesize erythropoietin, which
activates erythroid colony formation.
colostrum
Immunoglobulin-rich first breast milk formed in mammals
after parturition. The principal immunoglobulin is IgA with
lesser amounts of IgG. It provides passive immune protection
of the newborn prior to maturation of its own immune
competence.
combination therapy
The use of several antiviral drugs, as in therapy for HIV, in
an attempt to circumvent the rapid appearance of mutant
s
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COOH
The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor composed of
an immunoglobulin domain, a hematopoietin domain, and three fibronectin
III domains. The human receptor has two forms: a 25.1 form which has a C
kinase phosphorylation site, and a second form in which the transmembrane
region has been deleted. The mouse receptor which shares 62.5% homology
with the human receptor is similar to the 25.1 form. The human G-CSF
receptor has 46.3% sequence homology with the gp130 chain of the IL-6
receptor. The hematopoietin domain contains the binding site for G-CSF,
yet proliferative signal transduction requires the membrane-proximal 57
amino acids. Acute phase protein induction mediated by G-CSF involves
residues 57 to 96. G-CSF receptors are found on neutrophils, platelets, myeloid
leukemia cells, endothelium, and placenta. The human form contains
nine potential N-linked glycosylation sites. It is believed that the receptor
binds and mediates autophosphorylation of JAK-2 kinase.