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circulating anticoagulant 173 Cladosporium species
to immunologists because of its efficacy in treating common
variable immunodeficiency, possibly through suppressor T
lymphocyte inhibition. It also has an immunomodulating
effect by reducing the activity of suppressor lymphocytes.
Other drug immunomodulators, including low-dose cyclophosphamide
given prior to immunization with a tumor
vaccine, can augment the immune responses in animals and
humans. Indomethacin can nullify the effects of suppressor
macrophages.
circulating anticoagulant
Antibodies specific for one of the blood coagulation factors.
They may be detected in the sera of patients treated
with penicillin, streptomycin, or isoniazid; in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); or following treatment
with factor VIII or factor IX in patients with hemophilia A
or B. These are often IgG4 antibodies.
circulating dendritic cell
A dendritic cell that has taken up antigen and is migrating
to secondary lymphoid tissue such as a lymph node.
circulating lupus anticoagulant syndrome (CLAS)
The occurrence in lupus patients, who are often antinuclear
antibody (ANA)-negative, of recurrent thromboses,
kidney disease, and repeated spontaneous abortions.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) gammopathy and fetal wastage
occur repeatedly.
circulating lymphocytes
The lymphocytes present in the systemic circulation represent
a mixture of cells derived from different sources: (1) B
and T cells exiting from bone marrow and thymus on their
way to seed peripheral lymphoid organs; (2) lymphocytes
exiting the lymph nodes via lymphatics, collected by the
thoracic duct and discharged into the superior vena cava;
and (3) lymphocytes derived from direct discharge into
the vascular sinuses of the spleen. About 70% of cells in
the circulating pool are recirculating; that is, they undergo
a cycle during which they exit the systemic circulation to
return back to lymphoid follicles, lymph nodes, and spleen
and start the cycle again. The cells in this recirculating pool
are mostly long-lived mature T cells. About 30% of the
lymphocytes of the intravascular pool do not recirculate.
They comprise mostly short-lived immature T cells that live
their life spans intravascularly or are activated and exit the
intravascular space. The exit of lymphocytes into the spleen
occurs by direct discharge from the blood vessels. In the
lymph nodes and lymphoid follicles, the exit of lymphocytes
occurs through specialized structures, the postcapillary
venules that differ from other venules in that they have tall
endothelial coverings. The exiting lymphocytes percolate
through the endothelial cells, a mechanism whose real
significance is not known. A number of agents such as cortisone
or Bordetella pertussis bacteria increase the extravascular
exit of lymphocytes and prevent their return to
circulation. The lymphocytes travel back and forth between
the blood and lymph nodes or the marginal sinuses of the
spleen. Within 24 to 48 hours they return via the lymphatics
to the thoracic duct, where they then re-enter the blood.
circulatory system infection
The principal infection involving the circulatory system with
immunologic sequelae is infective endocarditis. In acute
endocarditis attributable to Staphylococcus aureus, high
fever and, if untreated, fatal rapid destruction of the heart
valves occur. A more indolent course is found in subacute
endocarditis, and immunologic complications follow. Emboli
break off from the infected heart valve. The principal causative
microorganisms are streptococci including S. veridans
and the more antibiotic-resistant entrococci. Antibody levels
measured by immunoblotting are greatly increased in enterococcal
or streptococcal endocarditis and are species-specific.
cis pairing
Association of two genes on a single chromosome encoding
the protein.
cisterna chyli
Refer to thoracic duct.
cisternal space
The endoplasmic reticulum lumens of plasma cells that
contain immunoglobulin molecules prior to secretion.
C
An immunoglobulin κ light chain constant region. The corresponding
exon is designated Cκ.
c-kit ligand
A cytokine, also termed stem cell factor, that interacts with
a tyrosine–kinase membrane receptor of pluripotent stem
cells. The receptor, which contains a five-immunoglobulin
domain extracellular structure, is encoded by the c-kit cellular
oncogene. Bone marrow stromal cells such as fibroblasts,
endothelial cells, and adipocytes produce a 27-kDa
transmembrane form and a 24-kDa secreted form of a c-kit
ligand. This cytokine alone apparently does not induce
colony formation but is postulated to render stem cells reactive
with other colony-stimulating factors.
CL
An immunoglobulin light chain constant domain. The corresponding
exon is designated C L.
clade
HIV subtype based on sequence diversity. There is less
than 10% difference among members of the same clade.
Different clades varied in sequence are at least 15%.
Cladosporium species
Aeroallergenic fungi that can induce hypersensitivity pneumonitis
(HP) of the type known as hot tub lung disease, as
well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic disease
that is frequent in persons with atopic disease. Symptoms
of asthma that follow seasonal variations in Cladosporium
spore counts and the demonstration of IgE reactivity aid
diagnosis of allergy attributable to this microorganism.
Henry Claman.
C