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Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) 3 ABVD chemotherapy
receptor that is totally functional facilitates the survival of
thymocyte clones that identify self-MHC alleles with moderate
avidity. Autoreactive thymocyte clones are deleted by
negative selection.
Immature B cell
β Chain of a T cell antigen receptor of a mouse.
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Abelson murine
leukemia virus
(A-MuLV)
bearing the v-abl
oncogene
Abelson murine leukemia virus.
Tumor B cell
clones corresponding
to earlier stages in
B cell development
(i.e., Pre-B cells)
Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)
A B cell murine leukemia-inducing retrovirus that bears the
v-abl oncogene. The virus has been used to immortalize
immature B lymphocytes to produce pre-B cells or less differentiated
B cell lines in culture. These have been useful
in unraveling the nature of immunoglobulin differentiation,
such as heavy- and light-chain immunoglobulin gene
assembly, as well as class switching of immunoglobulin.
ablastin
An antibody with the exclusive property of preventing
reproduction of such agents as the rat parasite Trypanosoma
lewisi. It does not demonstrate other antibody functions.
ABO antigens
Refer to ABO blood group substances.
ABO blood group substances
Glycopeptides with oligosaccharide side chains manifesting
ABO epitopes of the same specificity as those present on
red blood cells of the individual in whom they are detected.
Soluble ABO blood group substances may be found in
such mucous secretions of humans as saliva, gastric juice,
ovarian cyst fluid, etc. Such persons are termed secretors,
whereas those without the blood group substances in their
secretions are nonsecretors. ABO blood group differences
between donor and recipient can lead to hyperacute graft
rejection as well as serious blood transfusion reactions.
ABO blood group system
The first described of the human blood groups based upon
carbohydrate alloantigens present on red cell membranes.
Anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins (alloantibodies) are present
only in the blood sera of individuals not possessing that
specificity; that is, anti-A is found in the sera of group B
individuals, and anti-B is found in the sera of group A individuals.
This serves as the basis for grouping humans into
phenotypes designated A, B, AB, and O. Type AB subjects
possess neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, whereas group
O persons have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their
serum. Blood group methodology to determine the ABO
blood type makes use of the agglutination reaction. The
ABO system remains the most important in the transfusion
of blood and is also critical in organ transplantation.
Epitopes of the ABO system are found on oligosaccharide
terminal sugars. The genes designated A/B, Se, H, and Le
govern the formation of these epitopes and of the Lewis
(Le) antigens. The two precursor substances type I and type
II differ only in that the terminal galactose is joined to the
penultimate N-acetylglucosamine in the b 1–3 linkage in
type I chains, but in the b 1–4 linkage in type II chains.
aboriginal mouse
An animal that has lived apart from humans.
abortive infection
A condition in which a pathogen is able to enter the body
but is unable to propagate.
abrin
A powerful toxin and lectin used in immunological
research by Paul Ehrlich (circa 1900). It is extracted from
the seeds of the jequirity plant and causes agglutination
of erythrocytes.
absorption
The elimination of antibodies from a mixture by adding
soluble antigens or the elimination of soluble antigens from
a mixture by adding antibodies.
absorption elution test
Identification of the ABO type in semen or blood stains on
clothing. ABO blood group antibodies are applied to the
stain after it has been exposed to boiling water. Following
washing to remove unfixed antibody, the preparation is
heated to 56°C in physiological saline. An antibody that
may be eluted from the stain is tested with erythrocytes of
known ABO specificity to determine the ABO type. This
technique is being replaced by DNA analysis of such specimens
by forensics experts.
ABVD chemotherapy
A therapeutic cocktail comprised of adriamycin (doxorubicin),
bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine.
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