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chemokine β receptor-like 1 163 chemiluminescence
prevent incorrect conformations or enhance correct ones.
Chaperones are believed to combine with the surfaces
of proteins exposed during intermediate folding and to
restrict further folding to the correct conformations. They
take part in transmembrane targeting of selected proteins.
Chaperones hold some proteins that are to be inserted
into membranes in intermediate conformation in the
cytoplasm until they interact with the target membrane.
Besides BiP, they include heat shock proteins 70 and 90 and
nucleoplasmins.
Charcot–Leyden crystals
Crystals present in asthmatic patients’ sputum that are hexagonal
and bipyramidal. They contain a 13-kDa lysophospholipase
derived from the eosinophil cell membrane.
Chase, Merrill (1905– 2004)
American immunologist who worked with Karl Landsteiner
at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New
York. He investigated hypersensitivity, including delayedtype
hypersensitivity and contact dermatitis. He was the
first to demonstrate the passive transfer of tuberculin and
contact hypersensitivity and also made contributions in the
fields of adjuvants and quantitative methods.
Chase–Sulzberger phenomenon
Refer to Sulzberger–Chase phenomenon.
Normal
PMN
Merrill Chase.
Chediak–Higashi syndrome.
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
PMN
Chediak–Higashi syndrome
A childhood disorder with an autosomal-recessive mode of
inheritance, identified by the presence of large lysosomal
granules in leukocytes that are very stable and undergo
slow degranulation. Induced by mutations in the CHS1 gene
associated with intracellular fusion/fission activity. Multiple
systems may be involved. Repeated bacterial infections with
various microorganisms, partial albinism, central nervous
system disorders, hepatosplenomegaly, and an inordinate
incidence of malignancies of the lymphoreticular tissues may
occur. The large cytoplasmic granular inclusions that appear
in white blood cells may also be observed in blood platelets
and can be seen by regular light microscopy in peripheral
blood smears. Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and an
altered ability of the cells to kill ingested microorganisms are
observed. The killing time is delayed, even though hydrogen
peroxide formation, oxygen consumption, and hexose
monophosphate shunt are all within normal limits. Defective
microtubule function leads to defective phagolysosome
formation. Cyclic AMP levels may increase which causes
decreased neutrophil degranulation and mobility. High
doses of ascorbic acid have been shown to restore normal
chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and degranulation. Natural
killer (NK) cell numbers and function are decreased. The
incidence of lymphomas in patients with Chediak–Higashi
syndrome is increased. There is no effective therapy other
than the administration of antibiotics for the infecting microorganisms.
The disease carries a poor prognosis because of
the infections and neurological complications. The majority
of affected individuals die during childhood, although occasionally
subjects may live longer.
chemical adjuvants
Chemicals used for immunopotentiation that include the
polynucleotide poly-I:C and poly-A:U, vitamin D 3, dextrand
sulphate, inulin, dimethyl, dioctadecyl ammonium
bromide (DDA), avridine, carbohydrate polymers similar
to mannan, and trehalose dimycolate, among others. Two
of the newer chemical adjuvants include polyphosphazines
(initially introduced as slow release-promoting agents) and
a Leishmania protein LeIF.
chemical “splenectomy”
Deliberate suppression of the immune system by the
administration of high dose corticosteroids (1 mg/kg/day) or
intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/day). This prevents
endocytosis of cells or microorganisms opsonized by a
coating of immunoglobulin or complement which blocks
Fc receptors. Although the opsonized particles are bound,
they are not endocytosed. This procedure has been used in
the management of hypersplenism associated with certain
immune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
Felty’s syndrome, or autoimmune neutropenia.
chemiluminescence
The conversion of chemical energy into light by an oxidation
reaction. A high energy peroxide intermediate such
as luminol is produced by the reaction of a precursor
substance exposed to peroxide and alkali. The emission
of light energy by a chemical reaction may occur during
reduction of an unstable intermediate to a stable form.
Chemiluminescence measures the oxidative formation of
free radicals such as superoxide anion by polymorphonuclear
neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes. Light is
released from these cells after they have taken up luminol
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