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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins 162 chaperones
invasive ductal cancers are positive for c-erb-B2. Almost all
cases of Paget’s disease and approximately 70% of cases of
in situ ductal carcinoma are positive.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins
In normal individuals, CSF immunoglobulins are derived
from plasma by diffusion across the blood–brain barrier.
The amount present is dependent on the immunoglobulin
concentration in the serum, the molecular size of the immunoglobulin,
and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is normally excluded by virtue of
its relatively large molecular size and low plasma concentration.
However, in certain disease states, such as demyelinating
diseases and infections of the central nervous system,
immunoglobulins may be produced locally. The permeability
of the blood–brain barrier is accurately reflected by the CSF
total protein or albumin levels relative to those in the serum.
By comparing these data, it is possible to derive information
about deviation from normal. The comparative method is
called Ig quotient and is calculated in various ways:
1. CSF – IgG/albumin (normal 13.9 + 14%)
2. CSF – IgG/total protein
3. CSF – IgA/albumin
4. CSF – κ/λ (ratio)
To correct for variations in the blood–brain barrier, the
calculation can be modified to yield a more sensitive
quotient represented as: [(CSF IgG)/(serum IgG)] ∏ [(CSF
albumin)/(serum albumin)]. The ratio of κ to λ light chains
in CSF in comparison with that of these light chains
in serum is significant in that some patients with local
immunoglobulin production show a change in the ratio.
An increase in the IgA present in CSF appears in some
viral infections of the CNS in which antiviral antibodies
are also detectable.
cetuximab
A human–mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody that combines
with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which
blocks tumor cell growth. It has a decreasing kinase activity,
matrix metalloproteinase activity, and growth factor synthesis,
as well as elevated apoptosis. It is used in metastatic
colorectal cancer where there is overexpression of EGRF.
CFA
Abbreviation for complete Freund’s adjuvant.
CFT
Abbreviation for complement fixation test.
CFU
Abbreviation for colony-forming unit.
CFU-GEMM
A colony-stimulating factor that acts on multiple cell lines,
including granulocytes, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes,
and macrophages. The pancytopenia observed in myelodysplasia
and Fanconi’s disease has been attributable to a total
lack of CFU-GEMM.
CFU-S (colony-forming units, spleen)
A mixed cell population considered to contain the ideal
stem cell that is pluripotent and capable of proliferating and
renewing itself.
Cγ
Immunoglobulin γ chain constant region that is subdivided
into four isotypes in humans that are indicated as Cγ 1, Cγ 2,
Cγ 3, and Cγ 4. The corresponding exons are shown by the
same designations in italics.
CGD
Abbreviation for chronic granulomatous disease.
CH
Immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region encoded by
the CH gene.
C H1
An immunoglobulin heavy chain’s first constant domain
encoded by the CH1 exon.
C H2
An immunoglobulin heavy chain’s second constant domain
encoded by the CH2 exon.
C H3
An immunoglobulin heavy chain’s third constant domain
encoded by the CH3 exon.
C H4
An immunoglobulin heavy chain’s fourth constant domain
encoded by the CH4 exon. Of the five immunoglobulin classes
in humans, only the μ heavy chain of immunoglobulin M
(IgM) and the ε heavy chain of IgE possess a fourth domain.
CH 50 unit
The amount of complement (serum dilution) that induces
lysis of 50% of erythrocytes sensitized (coated) with specific
antibody. More specifically, the 50% lysis should be of
5 × 10 8 sheep erythrocytes sensitized with specific antibody
during 60 minutes of incubation at 37°C. To obtain the
complement titer (i.e., the CH 50 present in 1 mL of serum
that has not been diluted), the log y/(1 – y), where y = %
lysis, is plotted against the log of the quantity of serum. At
50% lysis, the plot approaches linearity near y/(1 – y).
CHAD
Abbreviation for cold hemagglutinin disease.
challenge
Antigen deliberately administered to induce an immune
reaction in an individual previously exposed to that antigen
to determine the state of immunity.
challenge stock
An antigen dose that has been precisely measured and
administered to an individual following earlier exposure to
an infectious microorganism.
chancre immunity
Resistance to reinfection with Treponema pallidum that develops
3 months following a syphilis infection that is untreated.
Chagas’ disease
The immune response effectively controls the high number
of parasites in the acute phase, leading to essentially
undetectable parasitemia in the chronic phase yet sterile
immunity and complete parasite clearance and cure have
not been achieved in humans or in experimental animals
infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The immune response
does not achieve a cure but maintains a host–parasite
balance that lasts for the lifetime of the infected person.
Various antigens have been used in vaccine trials but
most only reduce the parasitemia during the acute phase
of the disease and transform lethal to non-lethal infections.
No vaccination has produced complete protection;
the vaccinated animals still become infected. Decreased
parasitemia may diminish the incidence and severity of
the chronic phase.
chaperones
A group of proteins that includes BiP, a protein that binds
the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Chaperones aid the
proper folding of oligomeric protein complexes. They