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cellular hypersensitivity 161 c-erb-B2 monoclonal antibody
in women with silicone breast implants. Silicone hypersensitivity
results in high levels of interleukin-1 (IL1) and IL1ra
in the circulation. The silicone immune disease reaction is
associated with the synthesis of autoantibodies to multiple
endocrine organs and is compatible with an immune-mediated
endocrinopathy. Nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate,
cobalt chloride, palladium chloride, and gold sodium thiosulfate
represent metal allergy in patients with symptoms
resulting from dental restoration. Lead and cadmium can
lead to suppression of cell-mediated immunity. Laboratory
methods of assessment include enzyme immunoassay
(EIA), memory lymphocyte immunostimulation assay
(MELISA), and lymphocyte proliferation tests.
cellular hypersensitivity
Refer to delayed-type hypersensitivity, type IV cell-mediated
hypersensitivity, and cell-mediated immunity.
cellular immunity
Refer to cell-mediated immunity.
cellular immunology
The study of cells involved in immune phenomena.
cellular interstitial pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung in which the alveolar walls are
infiltrated by mononuclear cells.
cellular oncogene
Refer to protooncogene.
CEM-15
An RNA/DNA editing enzyme of the host that unites
with HIV polyproteins and is incorporated into virions. It
induces hypermutation of replicating HIV DNA, inhibiting
incorporation into the host cell genome.
centiMorgan (cM)
A chromosomal unit of physical distance that corresponds
to a 1% recombination frequency between two genes that
are closely linked. Also termed a map unit.
central lymphoid organs
Lymphoid organs that are requisite for the development of
the lymphoid and therefore of the immune system. These
include the thymus, bone marrow, and bursa of Fabricius.
Also termed primary lymphoid organs. Sites of lymphocyte
development. Human T lymphocytes mature in the thymus,
whereas B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow.
central MHC
The location of the MHC’s class III region, between the
class I and class II regions.
central tolerance
The mechanism involved in the functional inactivation of
cells requisite for the initiation of an immune response.
Central tolerance affects the afferent limb of the immune
response, which is concerned with sensitization and cell
proliferation. It is established in lymphocytes developing
in central lymphoid organs and prevents the emergence of
lymphocytes with high affinity receptors for self antigens
present in bone marrow or thymus. Induced by negative
selection in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance
protects self cells from attack by autoreactive cells that
evade central tolerance.
centriole antibodies
Antibodies sometimes detected in blood sera also containing
antibodies against mitotic spindle apparatus (MSA). They are
only rarely found in patients developing connective tissue disease
of the scleroderma category. Selected centriole antibodies
may be directed against the glycolytic enzyme enolase.
centroblasts
Large, rapidly dividing cells in germinal centers. These
cells, in which somatic hypermutation is thought to take
place, give rise to memory and antibody-secreting B cells.
centrocyte
Germinal center B cells that are small and nonproliferating.
They are derived from centroblasts and mature into plasma
cells that secrete antibody or memory B cells or may
undergo apoptosis, depending on the interactions between
their receptors and antigen. They undergo affinity maturation,
isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation.
centromere antibodies
Antibodies specific for centromeres/kinetochores are
detectable in 22% of systemic sclerosis patients, most of
whom have CREST syndrome rather than diffuse scleroderma.
Approximately 12% of primary biliary cirrhosis
patients, half of whom also manifest scleroderma, have
centromere antibodies.
centromere antigen complex
Consists of the antigenic proteins CENP-A (18 kDa),
CENP-B (80 kDa), and CDNP-C (140 kDa).
Centromere autoantibodies
centromere autoantibodies
Autoantibodies against centromeres (CENAs) occur in 22%
of systemic sclerosis patients and in 12% of primary biliary
cirrhosis (PBC) cases, half of whom develop scleroderma.
Limited scleroderma known as CREST occurs in 4 to
18% of primary biliary cirrhosis cases. CENA-positive
patients with limited scleroderma are more likely to have
calcinosis and telangiectasia and less often pulmonary
interstitial fibrosis compared with CENA-negative patients
with limited scleroderma. When patients with Raynaud’s
syndrome become CENA-positive, they may be developing
limited scleroderma. CENAs in patients with silicone breast
implants lead to symptoms associated with connective tissue
types of diseases. Antinuclear antibodies developed in
58% (470/813) of patients studied; antibody levels and clinical
symptoms diminished when the implants were removed.
c-erb-B2 monoclonal antibody
A murine monoclonal antibody against c-erb-B2 oncoprotein
that is expressed by tumor cell membranes at a
level detectable by immunohistochemistry in up to 20%
of adenocarcinomas from various sites, including ovary,
gastrointestinal tract, and breast. Immunohistochemical
staining correlates with gene amplification. In the case of
breast cancer, c-erb-B2 expression has been shown to be
associated with poor prognosis. Between 15 and 30% of
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