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cell surface immunoglobulin 160 cellular and humoral metal hypersensitivity
specific for surface antigens on lymphocyte subsets.
Immunotoxicity procedures can be used to induce selective
cytolysis of cells expressing a certain antigen at the cell
surface by reacting the cell with antibodies. Immunoadhesion
procedures make use of antibodies against cell-surface
antigens bound to a solid support, permitting the capture of
cells by adherence to the support. Immunomagnetic beads
to which antibodies have been attached may also be used.
Magnetic cell sorting is based on the use of monoclonal
antibodies or lectins that bind specifically to surface antigen/
receptor expressed by a certain cell subset. Flow cytometry
is a precise and objective method to quantify the number
of cells expressing a given surface marker and the extent to
which the marker is expressed.
cell surface immunoglobulin
The B cell receptor for antigen.
cell surface molecule immunoprecipitation
A technique to analyze cell surface molecules with monoclonal
antibodies and antisera. Immunoprecipitation is based on
solubilization of membrane proteins by the use of nonionic
detergents, subsequent interaction of specific antibody with
solubilized membrane antigen, and recovery of antibody–
antigen complexes by binding to an insoluble support that
permits washing procedures to remove unbound molecules.
Analysis of immunoprecipitates can be accomplished by
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) or isoelectric focusing (IEF).
cell surface receptors and ligands
Activation of caspases via ligand binding to cell surface
receptors involves the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family
of receptors and ligands. These receptors contain an
80-amino acid death domain (DD) that, through homophilic
interactions, recruits adaptor proteins to form a signaling
complex on the cytosolic surface of the receptor. The signaling
induced by the ligand binding to the receptor appears
to involve trimerization. Based on x-ray crystallography,
the trimeric ligand has three equal faces, and a receptor
monomer interacts at each of the three junctions formed by
the three faces. Thus, each receptor polypeptide contacts
TRAY
POS
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
2F
2E
2D
2C
2B
2A
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
3F
4F
4E
#CENTRL
TEST
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10571T
9891T
9884T
9898T
10356T
10990T
10367T
7109T
6606T
10567T
10988T
10359T
10549T
10361T
10570T
9899T
10352T
10547T
6688T
10568T
two ligands. The bringing together of three receptors,
thereby orienting the intracellular DDs, appears to be the
critical feature for signaling by these receptors. The adaptor
proteins recruited to the aligned receptor DDs recruit either
caspases or other signaling protiens. The exact mechanism
by which recruitment of caspase 8 to the DD-induced complex
causes activation of caspase 8 is not clear.
cell tray panel
Used to detect and identify human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
antibodies. Patient serum is tested against a panel of known
cells. The panel (or percent) reactive antibody (PRA) is the
percent of panel cells reacting with a patient’s serum. It is
expressed as a percentage of the total reactivity: % PRA =
(number of positive reactions/ number of cells in panel) ×
100. This percentage is a useful indicator of the proportion
of HLA antibodies.
cellular allergy
Refer to delayed-type hypersensitivity, type IV cell-mediated
hypersensitivity, and cell-mediated immunity.
cellular and humoral metal hypersensitivity
Metal ions interact with proteins in several ways. Mercury
and gold form metal–protein complexes by binding with
high affinity to thiol groups of cysteine. These complexes
are able to activate T lymphocytes with or without antigen
or by superantigen stimulation. Mercury is used as a preservative
and as a dental amalgam, but mercury compounds
can induce contact sensitivity and glomerulonephritis in
humans. Gold salts are used as antirheumatic drugs but can
cause contact dermatitis, stomatitis, pneumonitis, glomerulonephritis,
increased levels of serum immunoglobulins,
antinuclear autoantibodies, thrombocytopenia, and asthma
in goldminers. Cadmium chloride can induce renal tubular
damage in mice via interaction with T cells with specific
Hsp70 on tubular cells. Occupational exposure to beryllium
salts may lead to chronic interstitial granulomatous lung
disease. CD4 + T lymphocytes from patients with berylliosis
react to beryllium salts in a major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) class II restricted manner. Silica, silicone,
and sodium silicate activate CD4 + memory T lymphocytes
CELL PANEL TYPING
ID
A B C BW
6
RACE
H
C
B
B
B
O
C
H
C
C
C
C
O
O
O
B
O
C
C
H
Cell tray panel showing positive reactions (8s) for HLA-A1 at tray positions 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, lF, 2F, and 2E and a positive reaction for HLA-A24 at
position 2B.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
23
23
24
32
11
11
24
25
26
26
26
30
30
31
31
32
8
44
57
45
58
27
8
13
18
37
51
57
39
54
60
8
13
35
50
41
35
51
82
49
72
37
51
64
38
60
55
62
61
62
65
58
46
47
60
61
7
1
3
6
6
2
7
6
7
3
3
5
1
1
4
7
1
4
3
2
5
6
7
6
8
6
6
7
3
8
6
6
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6