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cartwheel nucleus 136 caspases
Cartilaginous fishes.
molecular weights are probably attributable to polymerization
rather than differences in heavy chain class. The classic
complement pathway components also make their debut.
cartwheel nucleus
The arrangement of chromatin in the nucleus of a typical
plasma cell based on the more and less electron-dense areas
observed by electron microscopy. Euchromatin makes up
the less electron-dense spokes of the wheel, whereas heterochromatin
makes up the more electron-dense areas.
cascade reaction
A sequential event in such enzymatic reactions as complement
fixation and blood coagulation in which each stage of
the reaction triggers the next appropriate step.
caseation necrosis
A type of necrosis present at the centers of large granulomas
such as those formed in tuberculosis. The white cheesy appearance
of the central necrotic area is the basis for the term.
caseous necrosis
Tissue destruction that occurs in tuberculosis and has the
appearance of cottage cheese.
M. tuberculosis
Antigen
presenting
cell
Caseous necrosis
Class II
MHC
Bacillary
antigenic
peptide
CD4
Epithelioid cell
T cell
receptor
CD4+
T cell
Delayed hypersensitivity
Granuloma formation
Giant cell
Caseation necrosis.
Casoni test
A diagnostic skin test for hydatid disease in humans
induced by Echinococcus granulosus infection. In sensitive
individuals, a wheal and flare response develops within 30
minutes following intradermal inoculation of a tapeworm or
hydatid cyst fluid extract. This is followed within 24 hours
by an area of induration produced by this cell-mediated,
delayed-hypersensitivity reaction.
caspase substrates
The specificity of caspases translates into an order disassembly
of cells by proteolytic cleavage of specific cellular
protein. The paradigm substrate for caspase cleavage is
PARP (polyADP-ribose polymerase). During apoptosis,
intact 121-kDa PARP is cleaved by caspases into fragments
of approximately 84 and 23 kDa. Generation of these
fragments tends to be an inductor of apoptosis. Cleavage
inactivates the enzymatic activity of PARP.
caspases
Closely related cysteine proteases that cleave protein substrates
at the C terminal sides of aspartic acid residues and represent
components of enzymatic cascades that lead to apoptotic cell
death. There are two pathways of activation of caspases in
lymphocyte. One involves mitochondrial permeability changes
in growth factor-deprived cells, and the other involves signals
from death receptors in plasma membranes. Cytosolic aspartate-specific
proteases, called caspases, are responsible for the
deliberate disassembly of cells into apoptotic bodies. Caspases
are present as inactive proenzymes, most of which are activated
by proteolytic cleavage. Caspase 8, caspase 9, and caspase 3 are
situated at the pivotal junctions in apoptotic pathways. Caspase
8 initiates disassembly in response to extracellular apoptosisinducing
ligands and is activated in a complex associated
Sensitized T cell
Lymphocyte
Fibroblast
Cytokines
Immunity
Activated macrophage