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caprinized vaccine 133 carbohydrates, immunogenic
Capping.
molecules to aggregate into patches. This passive process is
referred to as patching. The ligand–surface molecule aggregates
move in patches to a pole of the cell, where they form a cap. If a
cell with patches becomes motile, the patches move to the rear,
forming a cluster of surface molecule–ligand aggregates that
constitutes a cap. The process of capping requires energy and
may involve interaction with microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
In addition to capping in lymphocytes, the process occurs
in numerous other cells.
caprinized vaccine
A preparation containing microorganisms attenuated by passage
through goats and used for therapeutic immunization.
capromab pendetide
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for prostate-specific
membrane antigen. When labeled with isotopic indium
( 111 In), it is useful for immunoscintigraphy in prostate cancer
patients.
Capsid.
capsid
A virus protein envelope comprised of subunits that are
called capsomers.
capsular polysaccharide
A constituent of the protective coating around a number of
bacteria such as pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae).
Chemically, is a polysaccharide and stimulates the production
of antibodies specific for its epitopes. In addition to
pneumococcus, other microorganisms such as Streptococci
and certain Bacillus species have polysaccharide capsules.
capsule
Refer to capsular polysaccharide.
capsule swelling reaction
Pneumococcus swelling reaction. Refer to Quellung reaction.
capture assay
Technique to measure antigens or antibodies in which antibodies
bound to plastic capture antigens or antigens bound
to plastic capture antibodies. Labeled antigens or antiimmunoglobulins
may be used to measure antibody binding to a
plate-bound antigen. Antigen binding to an antibody bound
to a plate can be assayed with an antibody that binds to a
different antigenic determinant or epitope on the antigen.
carbohydrate antigen
The best known carbohydrate antigen is the specific soluble
substance of the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae that
is immunogenic in humans. Heidelberger developed the first
effective vaccines against purified pneumococcal polysaccharide
in the early 1940s; the vaccines were effective in the
treatment of pneumonia caused by these microorganisms,
yet interest in the vaccine waned as antibiotics were developed
for treatment. With increased resistance of bacteria to
antibiotics, however, there is a renewed interest in immunization
with polysaccharide-based vaccines. Polysaccharides
alone are relatively poor immunogens, especially for
infants and immunocompromised hosts. Pneumococci
have 84 distinct serotypes, further complicating the matter.
Polysaccharides are classified as T cell-independent
immunogens. They fail to induce the immunologic memory
needed for booster responses in an immunization protocol.
Only a few B cell clones are activated, leading to restricted
yet polyclonal heterogeneity. The majority of polysaccharides
can induce tolerance or unresponsiveness and fail
to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity. Polysaccharide
immunogenicity increases with molecular weight.
Polysaccharides below 50 kDa are nonimmunogenic. Thus,
immunization with purified polysaccharides has not been as
effective as desired. The covalent linkage of a polysaccharide
or of its epitopes to a protein carrier to form a conjugate
vaccine has facilitated enhancement of immunogenicity in
both humans and other animals and induces immunologic
memory. Antibodies formed against the conjugate vaccine
are protective and bind the capsular polysaccharide from
which they were derived. An example of this type of immunogen
is HIV polysaccharide linked to tetanous toxoid,
which has been successful in infant immunization.
carbohydrates, immunogenic
Carbohydrates are important in various immunological
processes that include opsinization and phagocytosis of
microorganisms and cell activation and differentiation. They
exert their effects through interactions with carbohydratebinding
proteins or lectins that have a widespread distribution
in mammalian tissues including the immune system.
Immunogenic carbohydrates are usually large polymers of
glucose (glucans and lentinans), mannose (mannans), xylose,
(hemicelluloses), fructose (levans), or mixtures of these
sugars. Complex carbohydrates may stimulate the immune
system by activating macrophages with fungal glycans or
stimulating T cells with lentinan. Acemannin activates
microphages and T cells, thereby influencing both cellular
and humoral immunity. Glucans stimulate immunity against
bacterial diseases by activating macrophages and stimulating
their lysosomal and phagocytic activity. Complex carbohydrates
may activate the immune systems of patients or
experimental animals with neoplastic diseases. Some mannans
and glucans are powerful anticancer agents. Lentinin
derived from an edible mushroom has an antineoplastic
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