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Canale–Smith syndrome 132 capping phenomenon
immunodominant surface antigen. Antiflagellin antibodies
appear early during an infection and are believed to
be protective. MOMP is also immunogenic. All of these
antibodies have specificity for homologous and heterologous
strains. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) induce variable
antibody responses. Half of the cases of C. enteritis develop
during Guillain-Barré syndrome. These patients develop
increased circulating IgG and IgM that bind to GM1 and
GD1 ganglioside epitopes and crossreact with the LPSs of
certain serotypes of C. jejuni. Definitive studies of T cell
responses to Campylobacter remain to be performed.
Canale–Smith syndrome
A rare autoimmune and lymphoproliferative syndrome
(ALPS) that leads to lymphoid enlargement and immune
cytopenia. It is a consequence of a dominant, nonfunctional
Fas molecule. Children develop “double-negative” T lymphocytes
and hypergammaglobulinemia. Unlike lpr and gld
mice, human patients rarely develop antinuclear antibodies or
lupus-like renal pathology; however, in the few cases studied,
they showed increased susceptibility to malignancy.
cancer
An invasive, metastatic, and highly anaplastic cellular
tumor that leads to death. Neoplasms are often divided into
the two broad categories of carcinoma and sarcoma.
cancer–testis antigens
Proteins normally present only on spermatogonia and
spermatocytes that become tumor-associated antigens when
they appear on other types of cells as a consequence of
transformation.
Candida immunity
Resistance against Candida begins with the nonspecific
barriers such as intact skin and mucosal epithelium in
addition to the indigenous bacterial flora that compete for
binding sites. Once these protective barriers have been
breached, the major cellular defense is neutrophils, which
phagocytose the Candida microorganisms with intracellular
killing through oxidative mechanisms. Monocytes and
eosinophils also participate in this process. Microabscesses
may form in infected tissues. Mononuclear cells constitute
the main inflammatory response in more chronic infections.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA classes of
Candida-specific antibodies have been found in infected
patients. Local mucosal immunity, such as in the vagina,
is associated with the development of IgA antibodies in
secretions. Even though antibody titers are elevated in
infected patients, the humoral immune response does not
have a principal role in host defense against Candida.
Patients with defects in cell-mediated immunity, such as
AIDS patients and those with chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis, have increased susceptibility to Candida infections.
Vaccination has been determined to be ineffective in
preventing Candida infections.
canine distemper virus
A virus that induces disease in dogs and is associated
with demyelination, probably induced by myelin-sensitive
lymphocytes.
canine immunity
The canine immune system, using the dog as the classic
example, is structurally and functionally very similar to its
mouse and human counterparts. As in humans, dogs have
numerous natural resistance mechanisms that prevent disease-causing
agents by nonimmunologic means, including,
Canine immunity.
for example, the skin and mucous membranes. Dogs have
the same immunoglobulin classes as described in humans.
Canine cell-mediated immunity is essentially no different
from the murine and human equivalents. The major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) in the dog is known as DLA,
which encodes the DLA class I and class II histocompatibility
antigens. Natural killer (NK) cells, killer (K) cells, and T
suppressor cells have also been described in dogs. There are
also multiple inherited canine immunodeficiencies. Acquired
immune deficiencies may also be associated with vitamin
and mineral deficiencies, and various autoimmune conditions
have been described including systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), which is associated with MHC DLA-A7.
canine parvovirus vaccine
Initially, a live and attenuated feline enteritis vaccine was
used, based on its crossreactivity with canine parvovirus.
Canine parvovirus may have originated from the feline
enteritis organism by mutation. This vaccine was later
replaced with attenuated canine parvovirus vaccine.
canonical structure
A frequently encountered molecular sequence or molecular
arrangement.
capillary leak syndrome
The therapeutic administration of GM-CSF (granulocyte–
macrophage colony-stimulating factor) may lead to progressive
dyspnea and pericarditis in the treatment of patients
bearing metatastic solid tumors. Interleukin-2 (IL2) may
likewise induce the effect when used to treat tumor patients.
IL2 treatment may lead to the accumulation of 10 to 20 L
of fluid in peripheral tissues with resultant disorientation,
confusion, and pronounced fever.
Caplin’s syndrome
Rheumatoid nodules in the lungs of subjects such as hard
coal miners in contact with silica.
capping
The migration of antigens on the cell surface to a cell pole
following crosslinking of antigens by a specific antibody.
These antigen–antibody complexes coalesce or aggregate
into a “cap” produced by the interaction of antigen with
cell-surface immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgD molecules
at sites distant from each other, as revealed by immunofluorescence.
Capping is followed by internalization of the
antigen after which the cell surface is left bereft of immunoglobulin
receptors until they are re-expressed.
capping phenomenon
The migration of surface membrane proteins toward one pole
of a cell following crosslinking by a specific antibody, antigen,
or mitogen. Bivalent or polyvalent ligands cause the surface