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C9 deficiency 129 calcineurin above. Similar pores are produced by proteins released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells called perforins or cytolysins. Sodium and water quickly enter the cells through these pores, leading to cell swelling and lysis. C9 shares one fourth of the amino acid sequence identity with the α and β chains of C7 and C8. It resembles perforin structurally. No polymorphism is found in C9, which is encoded by genes on chromosome 5 in humans. C9 deficiency A highly uncommon genetic disorder with an autosomalrecessive mode of inheritance in which only trace amounts of C9 are present in the plasma of affected persons. There is a defective ability to form the membrane attack complex (MAC). The sera of C9-deficient subjects retain lytic and bactericidal activities, even though the rate of lysis is decreased compared to that induced in the presence of C9. There are usually no clinical consequences associated with this condition. The disorder is more common in the Japanese than in most other populations. C10 A chemokine of the β (CC) family that has been found in mice but not humans. Its biological significance is unknown. It is expressed on bone marrow cells, myeloid cell lines, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. CA-15-3 An antibody specific for an antigen frequently present in the sera of metastatic breast carcinoma patients. CA-19-9 A tumor-associated antigen found on the Lewis A blood group antigen that is sialylated or in mucin-containing tissues. In individuals whose serum levels exceed 37 U/mL, 72% have carcinoma of the pancreas. In individuals whose levels exceed 1000 U/mL, 95% have pancreatic cancer. Anti-CA-19-9 monoclonal antibody is useful to detect the recurrence of pancreatic cancer following surgery and to distinguish between neoplastic and benign conditions of the pancreas; however, it is not useful for pancreatic cancer screening. CA-125 papillary carcinoma of the ovary. CA-125 A mucinous ovarian carcinoma cell-surface glycoprotein detectable in blood serum. Increasing serum concentrations portend a grave prognosis. It may also be found in the sera of patients with other adenocarcinomas, such as breast, gastrointestinal tract, uterine cervix, and endometrium. CA-125 antibody A mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with malignant ovarian epithelial cells. The antigen is formalin-resistant, permitting the detection of ovarian cancer by immunohistochemistry, although serum assays for this protein are widely used to monitor ovarian cancer. CA-125 also reacts with antigens in seminal vesicle carcinoma and anaplastic lymphoma. cachectin An earlier name for tumor necrosis factor α found in the blood serum and associated with wasting. See tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). cachexia Body wasting attributable to unregulated cellular catabolism. Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor cause cachexia in patients with malignant tumors. cadaveric organ A solid organ secured from a recently deceased donor, i.e., a cadaver, for the purpose of transplantation. cadherins One of four specific families of cell adhesion molecules that enable cells to interact with their environment. Cadherins help cells communicate with other cells in immune surveillance, extravasation, trafficking, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and tissue localization. Cadherins are calciumdependent. The five different cadherins include N-cadherin, P-cadherin, T-cadherin, V-cadherin, and E-cadherin. Cytoplasmic domains of cadherins may interact with proteins of the cytoskeleton. They may bind to other receptors based on homophilic specificity, but they still depend on intracellular interactions linked to the cytoskeleton. caecal tonsils Lymphoid aggregates containing germinal centers found in the gut wall in birds, specifically in the wall of the cecum. PLC Protein Tyrosine Kinase PIP2 TCR Ca 2+ IP3 Ca 2+ Calcineurin Transcription events DAG Protein Kinase C Schematic representation of cellular events upon binding of an activated T cell. calcineurin A protein phosphatase that is serine- and threonine-specific. Activation of T cells apparently requires deletion of phosphates from serine or threonine residues. Its action is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin-A and FK506 (tacrolimus). Cyclosporin-A and FK506 combine with immunophilin intracellular molecules to form a complex that combines with calcineurin and inhibits its activity. C
calcitonin 130 CALLA α β α β α β ε s s δ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s γ s s ε s s ε s s δ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s γ s s ε s s ε s s δ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s γ s s ε s s Calcineurin FK506 FKBP ς ς Ca 2+ NF-ATn NF-ATc Activated T cells signal via the T cell receptor to induce the synthesis of NF-ATn and to raise intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. CsA CyP NF-ATc For the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 to act, they must first enter the cytoplasm. Calcitonin⎯medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. ς ς Calcineurin is activated by the increased level of intracellular Ca 2+ . Calcineurin is a phosphatase that activates NF-ATc. CsA binds to its target, the intracellular protein cyclophilin (Cyp) and FK506 binds to its target, the intracellular protein FK-binding protein (FKBP). calcitonin A hormone that influences calcium ion transport. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrates calcitonin in thyroid parafollicular or C cells. It serves as a marker characteristic of medullary thyroid carcinoma and APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) neoplasms. Lung and gastrointestinal tumors may also form calcitonin. calcivirus immunity Human calciviruses (HuCVs) have been shown to cause gastric distress. Antibodies against members of this group such as small, round, structured viruses (SRSV) that include Norwalk virus (NV) may crossreact with other viruses of this same form; thus a rise in antibody titer is insufficient for diagnosis. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses appear more Calcineurin. When activated, NF-ATc moves into the nucleus. It then binds to NF-ATn. The active transcription factor NF-AT is formed. Inactive NF-ATc ς ς α β s s s s ε δ γ ε s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ς ς Ca 2+ The FK506: FKBP complex or the CsA: CyP complex binds to calcineurin preventing it from becoming activated by calcium and blocking the activation of NF-ATc. Specific gene transcription is activated. Transcription is not activated. specific. Reinfection by NV is common as preformed antibody correlates with susceptibility to the illness. Thus, people who recover often become susceptible again on rechallenge. High titers attained after several infections are protective in some studies, although this has not been confirmed. Antibody to HuCV is protective and mainly type-specific. Vaccines are available for FCV and RHDV. CALLA Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen; also known as CD10. Albert Calmette (1863–1933).
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ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF IMMUNOLOG
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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Preface The splendid reception of t
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Illustration Credits Figure for C1
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Figure for Sustiva ® (efavirenz ca
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α helix 2 αβ TCR checkpoint muco
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abzyme 4 accessory molecules Trypan
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acetaldehyde adduct autoantibodies
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acquired immunity 8 activated lymph
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acute cellular rejection 10 acute d
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acute graft-vs.-host reaction 12 ac
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acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
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acute poststreptococcal glomerulone
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acyclic adenosine monophosphate (cA
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adhesion receptors 20 adjuvant ICAM
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adoptive immunization 22 adoptive t
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afferent lymphatic vessels 24 agar
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agretope 26 AIDS belt exposure to c
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airway hyper-responsiveness 28 alka
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allergic contact dermatitis 30 allo
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allophonic mouse 32 allotype suppre
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alternative complement pathway 34 a
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ALVAC 36 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
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amphiregulin 38 amyloid P component
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anaphylactoid reaction 40 anaphylax
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aneuploidy 42 angioimmunoblastic ly
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ankylosing spondylitis 44 antibodie
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antibody-dependent cell-mediated cy
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antibody unit 48 anti-CD5 monoclona
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anti-Clq antibody 50 anti-double-st
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antigen-binding site 52 antigen pre
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antigen-presenting cell (APC) 54 an
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antigenic gain 56 antigenic peptide
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antiglial fibrillary acidic protein
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anti-human cytokeratin 7 antibody 6
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anti-human prostatic acid phosphata
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antimuscle actin primary antibody 6
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antinucleosome antibodies 66 antipa
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antiprogesterone receptor antibody
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antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 70 AP-
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apoptosis 72 apoptosis Four caspase
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apoptosis, caspase pathway 74 apopt
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apoptosis, positive induction 76 ar
Page 93 and 94: Arthus reaction 78 artificially acq
Page 95 and 96: aspirin sensitivity reaction 80 ath
Page 97 and 98: Auer rods 82 autoantibodies, virus
Page 99 and 100: autochthonous 84 autogenous vaccine
Page 101 and 102: autoimmune complement fixation reac
Page 103 and 104: autoimmune uveoretinitis 88 avian i
Page 105 and 106: avidity hypothesis 90 AZT Percent A
Page 107 and 108: B7.2 costimulatory molecule 92 B ce
Page 109 and 110: B cell coreceptor 94 B cell lymphop
Page 111 and 112: B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR)
Page 113 and 114: ackcross 98 bacterial immunity Euka
Page 115 and 116: actericidin 100 BALB/c mice bacteri
Page 117 and 118: asophil 102 Bcl-2 family A peripher
Page 119 and 120: enign 104 bentonite (Al 2O 3·4SiO
Page 121 and 122: β 1H 106 bifunctional antibodies
Page 123 and 124: iotin-avidin system 108 bispecific
Page 125 and 126: lood group antigens 110 BLR-1/MDR-1
Page 127 and 128: ooster phenomenon 112 botulinum tox
Page 129 and 130: equinar sodium (BQR) 114 Bretscher-
Page 131 and 132: Brucella vaccine 116 bullous pemphi
Page 133 and 134: ursa of Fabricius 118 butterfly ras
Page 136 and 137: c allotype A rabbit immunoglobulin
Page 138 and 139: C1q deficiency 123 C2 and B genes C
Page 140 and 141: C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) 125 C3d
Page 142 and 143: C4d 127 C6 deficiency Immunofluores
Page 146 and 147: Calmette, Albert (1863-1933) 131 Ca
Page 148 and 149: caprinized vaccine 133 carbohydrate
Page 150 and 151: cardiolipin 135 cartilaginous fish
Page 152 and 153: Castleman’s disease 137 catalytic
Page 154 and 155: CD1a 139 CD3 α C1 COOH β m shown
Page 156 and 157: CD4 molecule 141 CD8 CD4 molecule E
Page 158 and 159: CD15 (Leu M1) 143 CD20 primary anti
Page 160 and 161: CD23(1B12) 145 CD32 stronger staini
Page 162 and 163: CD42c 147 CD45RO 170 kDa. CD42b has
Page 164 and 165: CD56 149 CD71 CD56 A 220/135-kDa mo
Page 166 and 167: CD93 151 CDw116 CD93 A 120-kDa anti
Page 168 and 169: CDw149 (redesignated CD47R) 153 CD1
Page 170 and 171: CD236R 155 CD278 CD236R A 32-kDa an
Page 172 and 173: CD314 157 CD350 CD314 A 42-kDa anti
Page 174 and 175: cell-bound antibody (cell-fixed ant
Page 176 and 177: cellular hypersensitivity 161 c-erb
Page 178 and 179: chemokine β receptor-like 1 163 ch
Page 180 and 181: chemotactic peptide 165 Chido (Ch)
Page 182 and 183: cholera vaccine 167 chromogranin mo
Page 184 and 185: chronic and cyclic neutropenia 169
Page 186 and 187: chronic lymphocytic leukemia 171 ch
Page 188 and 189: circulating anticoagulant 173 Clado
Page 190 and 191: class I region 175 class II MHC mol
Page 192 and 193: classical C3 convertase 177 classic
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clonal selection theory 179 Clostri
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cobra venom factor (CVF) 181 coelom
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collagen (type I, II, and III) auto
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combination vaccine 185 common lymp
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complement activation 187 complemen
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complement membrane attack complex
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concanavalin A (con A) 191 congenic
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consensus sequence 193 contact sens
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control tolerance 195 Coons, Albert
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corneal transplantation 197 cortico
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cowpox 199 C-reactive protein (CRP)
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cromolyn 201 cross tolerance cromol
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cryptodeterminant 203 cutaneous ana
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cyclooxygenase pathway 205 cyclospo
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CYNAP phenomenon 207 cytokeratin (3
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cytokine assays 209 cytokine-specif
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cytopathic effect (of viruses) 211
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cytotoxicity tests 213 cytotropic a
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Dameshek, William (1900-1969) 216 d
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decomplementation 218 degranulation
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delayed xenograft rejection 220 den
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density gradient centrifugation 222
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designer lymphocytes 224 desotope T
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dhobi itch 226 diathelic immunizati
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differentiation antigen 228 Dimsdal
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diphtheria toxoid 230 direct tag as
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diversity 232 DNA laddering Formati
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Doherty, Peter (1940-) 234 dot DAT
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doubling dilution 236 drug-induced
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dye exclusion test 238 dysgammaglob
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EAE 240 Echinococcus immunity and c
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Edelman, Gerald Maurice (1929-) 242
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EIA 244 Elek plate e a e I d b a c
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ENA autoantibodies 246 endocytosis
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endoplasmic reticulum autoantibodie
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enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 250 eosino
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eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 252 epithel
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equilibrium constant 254 erythema n
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etanercept (injection) 256 exon for
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experimental autoimmune sialoadenit
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F-actin Actin molecules in a dual-s
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factor H deficiency 263 Faenia rect
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Farr technique 265 Fasciola immunit
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FcμR 267 Fc receptors on human T c
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Fcγ R 269 feline immunity Fc R The
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Feulgen reaction 271 fibrin villous
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filariasis 273 fish immunity filari
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flame cells 275 FLIP/FLAM 95 40 78
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Flt3 ligand 277 fluorescein isothio
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fluorescence treponemal antibody te
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follicular lymphoma 281 foscarnet i
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freemartin 283 functional affinity
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fusin 285 fyn fusin A receptor pres
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γδ T cells 288 gastric cell cAMP-
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gene amplification 290 gene escape
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genetic polymorphism 292 genotype D
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Ghon complex 294 globulin Richard K
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glucocorticoids (GCs) 296 Gm alloty
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Golgi apparatus 298 Goodpasture’s
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gp41 300 graft changed the understa
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graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) 302 granul
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granulomatous hepatitis 304 Guillai
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H-2 complex Murine major histocompa
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HALV (human AIDS-lymphotrophic viru
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Hassall’s corpuscles 311 HAT medi
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HCC-1 313 heavy chain diseases In t
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helminth 315 hematopoiesis thereby
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hemolysis 317 hemolytic plaque assa
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hepatitis A, inactivated and hepati
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hepatitis serology 321 herpes gesta
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herpesvirus-8 immunity 323 heteroph
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high endothelial postcapillary venu
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histamine-releasing factor 327 hist
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histoplasmin 329 HIV-1 genes G-O HL
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HIV infection 331 HLA Nuclear magne
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HLA allelic variation 333 HLA class
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HLA-DP subregion 335 HLA-DR antigen
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HLA type 337 homing Wells for diffe
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homologous recombination pathway 33
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HSC mobilization 341 (quadrivalent,
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HUT 78 343 hybrid resistance Baseme
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hyperacute xenograft rejection 345
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hypersensitivity angiitis 347 hypog
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I-309 A chemokine of the β (CC) fa
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idiotype suppression 351 Igα and I
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IgM 353 IL4 have recurrent respirat
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immediate spin cross match 355 immu
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immune exclusion 357 immune-neuroen
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immune response (Ir) genes 359 immu
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immunoblast 361 immunocytoadherence
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immunodeficiency associated with he
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immunoenhancement 365 immunofluores
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immunoglobulin A (IgA) 367 immunogl
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immunoglobulin δ chain 369 immunog
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immunoglobulin G (IgG) 371 immunogl
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immunoglobulin M (IgM) 373 immunogl
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immunoglobulin monomer 375 immunogl
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immunoglobulin structure 377 immuno
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immunologic facilitation (facilitat
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immunologist 381 immunophenotyping
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immunoprophylaxis 383 immunoregulat
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immunotactoid glomerulopathy 385 in
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indirect tag assays 387 infectious
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inflammatory myopathy 389 influenza
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influenza virus vaccine 391 innate
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instructive theory of antibody form
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interallelic conversion 395 intercr
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interferon γ-1b (injection) 397 in
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interleukin-1 receptor antagonist p
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interleukin-2 receptor α subunit (
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interleukin-5 (IL5; eosinophil diff
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interleukin-6 receptor 405 interleu
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interleukin-8 receptor, type A (IL8
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interleukin-11 receptor (IL11R) 409
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interleukin-15 (IL15) 411 interleuk
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interleukin-20 (IL20) 413 interleuk
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interleukin-33 (IL33) 415 intracell
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invariant (Ii) chain 417 invariant
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iridovirus immunity 419 islet cell
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isoelectric point (pI) 421 isotypes
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Disulfide bonds β pleated sheets C
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Jerne network theory 425 Jo-1 syndr
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jugular bodies 427 juvenile rheumat
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kallidin 430 Kawasaki’s disease E
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Kidd blood group system 432 kinetoc
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KLH 434 Koprowski, Hilary (1916-) p
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Kupffer’s cell 436 Kveim reaction
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lamina propria 438 laminin receptor
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Landsteiner’s rule (historical) 4
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LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulato
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lectin-like receptors 444 lepra cel
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leukemia 446 leukemia viruses Leuke
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leukocyte culture 448 leukocytoclas
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levamisole 450 Levine, Philip Phili
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light chain deficiencies 452 light
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linked recognition 454 linked recog
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linked suppression 456 Listeria imm
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liver-kidney microsome 1 (LKM-1) au
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LPS-binding protein (LBP) 460 lupus
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lymphatic system 462 lymph node cau
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lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF)
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lymphocyte homing 466 lymphocyte tr
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lymphocytotoxin 468 lymphoid tissue
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lysogeny 470 lytic granules lysogen
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macrophage 472 macrophage INFγ Mac
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macrophage colony-stimulating facto
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macrophage migration test 476 Madse
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major histocompatibility complex cl
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MART-1 (M2-7C10), mouse 480 mast ce
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maternal antibodies 482 matrix meta
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M component 484 Medawar, Peter Bria
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medulla 486 membrane attack complex
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membrane cofactor of proteolysis (M
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mesangial phagocytes 490 methotrexa
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MHC class III proteins 492 MHC rest
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microinjection 494 microorganisms M
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MiHA 496 Miller-Fisher syndrome (MF
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MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory prot
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mixed agglutination 500 mixed lymph
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Mo1 502 molecular (DNA) typing (seq
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monoclonal antibody HECA-452 504 mo
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monoclonal immunoglobulin 506 monoc
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monogamous multivalency 508 monomer
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mononuclear phagocyte 510 Montagnie
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μ heavy chain disease 512 mucosal
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multiple autoimmune disorder (MAD)
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muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 516 myasthe
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Mycoplasma-AIDS link 518 myelin aut
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myelogenous leukemia 520 myocardial
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N addition Appending nucleotides by
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natural killer gene complex (NKC) 5
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N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 527
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neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (N
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neutrophil activating protein 1 (NA
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Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) 53
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nonresponder 535 normal lymphocyte
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nuclear matrix protein 537 nutritio
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O125 (ovarian celomic) Nonmucinous
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oncogene 541 one-turn recombination
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oral tolerance 543 Orthoclone OKT®
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Oudin, Jacques (1908-1986) 545 ovar
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owl eye appearance 547 oxygen-depen
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P Abbreviation for properdin. Also
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palivizumab (injection) 551 PAP (pe
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papain hydrolysis 553 paracrine fac
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parasite immunity 555 parietal cell
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passive agglutination test 557 pass
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Pasteurella immunity 559 pathogen-a
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PCP 561 pemphigus foliaceus PCP Abb
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penicillin hypersensitivity 563 pep
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Percoll® 565 peripheral lymphoid o
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persistent generalized lymphadenopa
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phagocyte disorders 569 phagocytosi
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phagolysosome 571 phorbol ester(s)
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phytoimmunity 573 pituitary autoant
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plaque-forming cells 575 plasma cel
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plasmid 577 platelet antigens plasm
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PMN 579 POEMS syndrome PMN Abbrevia
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polyagglutination 581 polyclonal ly
Page 598 and 599:
polymeric Ig 583 polymyositis (PM)
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positive induction apoptosis 585 po
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preactivation 587 pre-B cell recept
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precipitation in gel media 589 prec
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Pressman, David 591 primary biliary
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primary tumor 593 private specifici
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progressive transformation of germi
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prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) 59
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protein S 599 protoplast protein S
Page 616 and 617:
pseudoallergy 601 psoriasis vulgari
Page 618 and 619:
purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PN
Page 620 and 621:
Q fever An acute disease caused by
Page 622 and 623:
R5 viruses CCR5-binding HIV strains
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adioimmunodiffusion test 609 radiol
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Raji cell assay for CIC 611 rapamyc
Page 628 and 629:
RB200 613 reactive oxygen species (
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ecombinant vaccine 615 refractory c
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elative risk (RR) 617 reptile immun
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estitope 619 reticulin autoantibodi
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etrovirus 621 reverse transcriptase
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hesus blood group system 623 rhesus
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heumatoid arthritis cell (RA cell)
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Ricinus communis 627 RNA polymerase
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Rood, J. J. van 629 Rose-Waaler tes
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RPR (rapid plasma reagin) test 631
Page 649 and 650:
Sabin-Feldman dye test 634 SAMS loc
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sarcoma 636 scavenger receptors Ope
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schlepper 638 scratch test schleppe
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secondary immune response 640 secre
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secretory piece 642 selective IgA d
Page 659 and 660:
self antigen 644 senescent cell ant
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sequential determinant 646 serology
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serum sickness 648 severe combined
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Sézary syndrome 650 Shwartzman (or
Page 667 and 668:
sia test (historical) 652 side chai
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signal sequence 654 single cysteine
Page 671 and 672:
Sips distribution 656 Sjögren’s
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skin-reactive factor (SRF) 658 slow
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smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) 660
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soluble cytokine receptors 662 spec
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spectrotype 664 splenic cords spect
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spontaneous cancer 666 SS-A/Ro in t
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steric hindrance 668 Streptococcus
Page 685 and 686:
Strongyloides immunity 670 superant
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suppressor T cells (Ts cells) 672 S
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SXY-CIITA regulatory system 674 syn
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Page 694 and 695:
T1DM Abbreviation for type 1 diabet
Page 696 and 697:
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodu
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T cell antigen-specific suppressor
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T cell receptor (TCR) 685 T cell re
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T cell tolerance 687 telencephalin
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terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfera
Page 706 and 707:
tetanus toxoid 691 Th cells tetanus
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T h1 cells 693 Theiler’s virus my
Page 710 and 711:
three-signal model of lymphocyte ac
Page 712 and 713:
thymic humoral factors (THFs) 697 t
Page 714 and 715:
thymus 699 thymus Marrow stem cell
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thymus cell differentiation 701 thy
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thymus-independent (TI) antigen 703
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tissue transglutaminase autoantibod
Page 722 and 723:
T lymphocyte antigen receptor (TCR)
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tolerosome 709 tonsil Susumu Tonega
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toxin-1 (TSST-1) 711 TRALI (transfu
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TRANCE (RANK ligand) 713 transformi
Page 730 and 731:
transgenes 715 translation chills,
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T reg cells 717 triple response of
Page 734 and 735:
tuberculin hypersensitivity 719 tum
Page 736 and 737:
tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL
Page 738 and 739:
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) recepto
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type I cytokine receptors 725 type
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type II interferon 727 type III imm
Page 744:
typhus vaccination 729 tyrosine kin
Page 747 and 748:
ulcerative colitis (immunologic col
Page 749 and 750:
US28 734 uveitis Rhus toxicodendron
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valence 736 varicella valence The n
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vascular permeability factors 738 V
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venom 740 V gene Ileum Lumen the fi
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Videx® 742 viral hemagglutination
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vitamin B and immunity 744 vitronec
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Vpr (HIV) 746 V T region of lysis o
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warm antibody 748 Wegener’s granu
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Whipple’s disease 750 Winn assay
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Wu-Kabat plot 752 W, X, Y boxes (MH
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xenotype 754 X-linked lymphoprolife
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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow. Yalow, Rosal
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zinc and immunity 760 zinc and immu
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Appendix I Expression On most cells
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Appendix I 765 Mouse CD Chart Antig
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Activation unit Appendix II Complem
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III Appendix III 782 Cytokines and
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Appendix IV Chemokines and Their Re
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Appendix V Human Leukocyte Differen
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Appendix V 789 Human Leukocyte Diff
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Editorial Staff Jeanann Lovell Sugg
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