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C9 deficiency 129 calcineurin
above. Similar pores are produced by proteins released
from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
called perforins or cytolysins. Sodium and water quickly
enter the cells through these pores, leading to cell swelling
and lysis. C9 shares one fourth of the amino acid sequence
identity with the α and β chains of C7 and C8. It resembles
perforin structurally. No polymorphism is found in C9,
which is encoded by genes on chromosome 5 in humans.
C9 deficiency
A highly uncommon genetic disorder with an autosomalrecessive
mode of inheritance in which only trace amounts
of C9 are present in the plasma of affected persons. There
is a defective ability to form the membrane attack complex
(MAC). The sera of C9-deficient subjects retain lytic
and bactericidal activities, even though the rate of lysis
is decreased compared to that induced in the presence of
C9. There are usually no clinical consequences associated
with this condition. The disorder is more common in the
Japanese than in most other populations.
C10
A chemokine of the β (CC) family that has been found
in mice but not humans. Its biological significance is
unknown. It is expressed on bone marrow cells, myeloid
cell lines, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.
CA-15-3
An antibody specific for an antigen frequently present in the
sera of metastatic breast carcinoma patients.
CA-19-9
A tumor-associated antigen found on the Lewis A blood
group antigen that is sialylated or in mucin-containing tissues.
In individuals whose serum levels exceed 37 U/mL, 72% have
carcinoma of the pancreas. In individuals whose levels exceed
1000 U/mL, 95% have pancreatic cancer. Anti-CA-19-9
monoclonal antibody is useful to detect the recurrence of pancreatic
cancer following surgery and to distinguish between
neoplastic and benign conditions of the pancreas; however, it
is not useful for pancreatic cancer screening.
CA-125 papillary carcinoma of the ovary.
CA-125
A mucinous ovarian carcinoma cell-surface glycoprotein
detectable in blood serum. Increasing serum concentrations
portend a grave prognosis. It may also be found in the sera
of patients with other adenocarcinomas, such as breast,
gastrointestinal tract, uterine cervix, and endometrium.
CA-125 antibody
A mouse monoclonal antibody that reacts with malignant
ovarian epithelial cells. The antigen is formalin-resistant,
permitting the detection of ovarian cancer by immunohistochemistry,
although serum assays for this protein are widely
used to monitor ovarian cancer. CA-125 also reacts with antigens
in seminal vesicle carcinoma and anaplastic lymphoma.
cachectin
An earlier name for tumor necrosis factor α found in the
blood serum and associated with wasting. See tumor necrosis
factor α (TNFα).
cachexia
Body wasting attributable to unregulated cellular catabolism.
Elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor cause
cachexia in patients with malignant tumors.
cadaveric organ
A solid organ secured from a recently deceased donor, i.e.,
a cadaver, for the purpose of transplantation.
cadherins
One of four specific families of cell adhesion molecules that
enable cells to interact with their environment. Cadherins
help cells communicate with other cells in immune surveillance,
extravasation, trafficking, tumor metastasis, wound
healing, and tissue localization. Cadherins are calciumdependent.
The five different cadherins include N-cadherin,
P-cadherin, T-cadherin, V-cadherin, and E-cadherin.
Cytoplasmic domains of cadherins may interact with proteins
of the cytoskeleton. They may bind to other receptors
based on homophilic specificity, but they still depend on
intracellular interactions linked to the cytoskeleton.
caecal tonsils
Lymphoid aggregates containing germinal centers found in
the gut wall in birds, specifically in the wall of the cecum.
PLC
Protein
Tyrosine
Kinase
PIP2
TCR Ca 2+
IP3
Ca 2+
Calcineurin
Transcription events
DAG
Protein
Kinase C
Schematic representation of cellular events upon binding of an activated
T cell.
calcineurin
A protein phosphatase that is serine- and threonine-specific.
Activation of T cells apparently requires deletion of phosphates
from serine or threonine residues. Its action is inhibited
by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin-A and
FK506 (tacrolimus). Cyclosporin-A and FK506 combine
with immunophilin intracellular molecules to form a complex
that combines with calcineurin and inhibits its activity.
C