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BlyS 111 booster injection
lymphoma cell lines express the receptor. Interleukin-4
(IL-4) and IL-6 downregulate BLR-1. The receptor is also
downregulated by monoclonal antibodies against CD40
and CD3. Jurkat cells expressing BLR-1 do not bind known
chemokines. Also called BLR-1 and MDR-15.
BlyS
A tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family molecule
that is secreted by T lymphocytes and is critical in the
formation of germinal centers and plasma cells and may be
significant in maturation of dendritic cells.
bm mutants
Mouse H-2 bm mutants have served as elegant genetic tools
for performing detailed analyses of the H-2 gene structure and
its relationship to functions of the gene products. The mutants
are especially useful when intact animals are needed to investigate
a particular process. These mutants have aided in the
assignment of diverse biological and immunologic functions
to single H-2 genes. They also influence mating preferences,
as evidenced by the ability of mice to use urine odor to distinguish
parental animals from those carrying bm mutations.
BMT
Abbreviation for bone marrow transplantation.
Bombay phenotype
The O h phenotype is an ABO blood group antigen variant
on human erythrocytes in rare subjects. These red blood
cells do not possess A, B, or H antigens on their surfaces,
even though the subject’s serum contains anti-A, anti-B,
and anti-H antibodies. The Bombay phenotype may cause
difficulties in crossmatching for transfusion.
bombesin
A neuropeptide of 14 residues analogous to a gastrin-releasing
peptide that is synthesized in the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract and induces GI smooth muscle contraction and the
release of stomach acid and the majority of GI hormones,
with the exception of secretin. Bombesin injection into
the brain may induce hyperglucagonemia, hyperglycemia,
analgesia, and hypothermia. Bombesin facilitates bronchial
epithelial cell proliferation and pancreas and small cell
carcinoma. Antibombesin antibodies may prove useful in
the future for the treatment of small cell lung carcinoma,
the cells of which bear bombesin receptors.
bone marrow
Soft tissue within bone cavities that contains hematopoietic
precursor cells and hematopoietic cells that are maturing
into erythrocytes, the five types of leukocytes, and
thrombocytes. Whereas red marrow is hematopoietic and is
present in developing bone, ribs, vertebrae, and long bones,
some of the red marrow may be replaced by fat and become
yellow marrow. In mammals, the bone marrow is the site of
B cell development and the source of stem cells from which
T lymphocytes develop following migration to the thymus,
where they mature. A stromal framework comprised of
fibroblasts, fat cells, endothelial cells and fibers supports
the developing hematopoietic cells. Bone marrow transplantation
may supply all of the cellular elements of the blood,
including those needed for adaptive immunity.
bone marrow cell
Stem cells from which the formed elements of the blood,
including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, are
derived. B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte precursors are
abundant. The B lymphocytes and pluripotent stem cells
in bone marrow are important for reconstitution of an
irradiated host. Bone marrow transplants are useful in the
treatment of aplastic anemias, leukemias, and immunodeficiencies.
Patients may donate their own marrow for
subsequent bone marrow autotransplantation if they are to
receive intensive doses of irradiation.
bone marrow chimera
The inoculation of an irradiated recipient mouse with bone
marrow from an unirradiated donor mouse which ensures
that lymphocytes and other cellular elements of the blood will
be of donor genetic origin. The technique has been useful in
demonstrating lymphocyte and other blood cell development.
bone marrow transplantation
The inoculation of a recipient with donor bone marrow
including stem cells that serve as precursors for all mature
cellular elements of the blood including lymphocytes; a
procedure used to treat both nonneoplastic and neoplastic
conditions not amenable to other forms of therapy. It has
been especially used in cases of aplastic anemia, acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, and acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.
A high degree of histocompatibility between donor and
recipient is required. Using an HLA-matched donor, 750 mL
of bone marrow are removed from the iliac crest. Following
appropriate treatment of the marrow to remove bone spicules,
the cell suspension is infused intravenously into an appropriately
immunosuppressed recipient who has received
whole-body irradiation and immunosuppressive drug therapy.
Bone marrow cells derived from a patient during disease
remission may be held frozen in liquid nitrogen for a future
autologous bone marrow transplant that will permit the subject
to receive his or her own cells. Graft-vs.-host episodes,
acute graft-vs.-host disease, or chronic graft-vs.-host disease
may follow bone marrow transplantation in selected subjects.
The immunosuppressed patients are highly susceptible to
opportunistic infections. See graft-vs.-host disease.
Bony fish (teleosts)
T and B lymphocyte functions become separate and distinctive,
NK cells appear, and important cytokines such as
IL-2 and IFN appear in bony fish. A polymorphic major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) system resembling
mammalian MHC is demonstrable in zebrafish.
booster
A second administration of immunogen to an individual
primed months or years previously by a primary injection of
the same immunogen. The purpose is to deliberately induce
a secondary or anamnestic or memory immune response to
facilitate protection against an infectious disease agent.
booster injection
The administration of a second inoculation of an immunizing
preparation, such as a vaccine, to which an individual
has been previously exposed. The booster inoculation elicits
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