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ackcross 98 bacterial immunity
Eukaryotic cell E. coli
DNA for immunoglobulin is
cloned, inserted into E. coli
backcross
The crossing of a heterozygous organism and a homozygote.
Commonly refers to the transfer of a particular gene
from one background strain or stock to an inbred strain via
multigenerational matings to the desired strain. Breeding an
F 1 hybrid with either one of the strains that produced it.
back typing
The interaction of antibodies in an individual’s serum with
known antigens of an erythrocyte panel; used to ascertain
whether serum contains antierythrocyte antibodies. Also
called reversed typing.
bacteremia
The presence of bacteria in the blood.
Morphology of bacteria.
Reconstitution
Light chains and heavy chains
expressed separately
Secretion
Light chains and
heavy chains coexpressed
in same
bacterium
bacteria
Prokaryotic microorganisms found throughout nature; they
are responsible for many infectious diseases of humans and
other animals.
bacterial agglutination
Antibody-mediated aggregation of bacteria. This technique
has been used for a century in the diagnosis of bacterial
diseases through the detection of an antibody specific for
a particular microorganism or for the identification of a
microorganism isolated from a patient.
Chains form
heterodimers
in periplasm
Light chains and heavy
chains combined in
renaturation buffer
EDTA + osmotic
shock makes cell
membrane permeable
Correctly folded
immunoglobulin
fragments purified
from buffer
Correctly folded
immunoglobulin
fragments isolated
from supernatant
Beyond hybridoma technology, immunoglobulin subunits and fragments have been produced using cloned DNA expressed in bacteria.
bacterial allergy
Delayed-type hypersensitivity of infection such as in
tuberculosis.
bacterial hypersensitivity
Refer to delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV).
bacterial immunity
Bacteria produce disease by toxicity, invasiveness, or
immunopathology or combinations of these three mechanisms.
Immune mechanisms may require the development
of a neutralizing antitoxin or mechanisms to destroy the
microorganism. The animal body provides both nonspecific
and specific defenses. Nonspecific defenses include natural
barriers such as the skin, acidity in the gut and vagina,
mucosal coverings, etc. Those microorganisms not excluded
may be recognized by acute phase proteins, formol peptide
receptors, receptors for bacterial cell wall components,
complement, and receptors that promote cytokine release.
Other factors influence the T H1/T H2 balance of the T cell
response. Cytokines play a protective role during nonspecific
recognition and early defense. Bacteria may interact
with complement, leading to three types of protective
function. Antibodies are important in neutralizing bacterial
toxins. Secretory IgA can inhibit the binding of bacteria to
epithelial cells. This antibody may also sensitize bacterial
cells and render them susceptible to injury by complement.
Phagocytic cells are important antibacterial defenses.
Monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells have both
oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent antimicrobial
mechanisms. Oxygen-independent killing may be accomplished
by exposure to lysozyme and neutroproteases. Cellmediated
immunity mediated by T lymphocytes is another
important antibacterial mechanism. T lymphocytes function
through the release of lymphokines that have various types
of consequences. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK)
cells also play an important role in antimicrobial immunity.
Mechanisms of immunopathology include septisemic shock