Untitled - D Ank Unlimited

B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) 97 Bacillus anthracis immunity
B cells
B cells
Antigen
Spleen
No Growth Growth
B Lymphocyte receptor
PEG
To
HAT medium
Hybridoma
B lymphocyte hybridoma.
B lymphocyte receptor.
HGPRT - Myeloma cells
Myeloma
No Growth
are to be distinguished from those in the surrounding
medium that adhere to the B cell surface through Fc receptors.
Refer to membrane immunoglobulin.
B lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS)
A naturally occurring protein that stimulates the immune
system to produce antibodies. It is being tested as a potential
drug for the treatment of immunodeficiency that occurs
in higher than normal levels in rheumatoid arthritis and
lupus patients and could account for their immune systems
becoming overactive and attacking joints in rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) or connective tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE).
B lymphocyte stimulatory factors
See interleukins 4, 5, and 6.
B lymphocyte tolerance
Immunologic nonreactivity of B lymphocytes induced by
relatively large doses of antigen. It is of relatively short
duration. By contrast, T cell tolerance requires less antigen
and has a longer duration. Exclusive B cell tolerance leaves
T cells immunoreactive and unaffected.
B-type virus (Aspergillus macaques)
An Old World monkey virus that resembles herpes simplex.
Clinical features include intermittent shedding and reactivation
in the presence of stress and immunosuppression.
Humans who tend these monkeys may become infected
with fatal consequences. B-type viruses possess eccentric
nuclear cores.
babesiosis immunity
The host immune response to babesiosis, a malaria-like disease
transmitted by parasitized Ixodes ticks, depends in part
on the spleen, which has a central role in immune defense.
Patients in whom the spleen has been removed are more
susceptible to infection by Babesia and manifest elevated
parasitemia. Complement activation by Babesia may lead
to formation of TNF-α and IL-1, promoting local defense.
Complement levels decrease in babesiosis. Patients develop
increased circulating C1q binding activity and decreased
C4, C3, and CH50 levels. The formation of TNF-α and IL-1
may account for many of the clinical features of the disease.
Besides macrophages, other cellular immune functions are
critical parts of the response to Babesia. T cell-deficient
mice manifest significantly increased parasitemia. Cellular
immunity is diminished by the disease, which is also
associated with increased CD8 + T lymphocytes, diminished
monocyte mitogen responsiveness, and polyclonal
hypergammaglobulinemia.
bacille Calmette-Guérin
An attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has
been employed as a vaccine against tuberculosis. Refer to
BCG.
Bacillus anthracis immunity
Protective immunity against anthrax is induced only by
the antigen designated PA. The B. anthracis polypeptide
capsule is only weakly immunogenic and is not believed to
contribute to naturally acquired immunity or induce protection
against anthrax. The Ca – /tx + strains of B. anthracis
are protective. One of these strains is used to prepare a
very successful live-spore animal vaccine. It is considered
unsuitable in the West for use in humans because it retains
some residual virulence. Human vaccine developed half
a century ago consists of aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed,
cell-free filtrates of cultures of a noncapsulating, nonproteolytic
derivative of strain V770. Several doses are
required. An immune response to PA but not to LF or
EF is critical for protection. Immunization with strains
synthesizing either PA and EF or PA and LF resulted in
higher antibody responses to EF or LF, respectively. There
is a synergistic relationship between PA and LF or EF in
immunoprotection. Some cellular immune mechanisms
are believed to be significant in the induction of protective
immunity. PA has been shown with monoclonal antibodies
to have at least three non-overlapping antigenic regions.
It is anticipated that the elucidation of protective motifs
on PA may lead to the development of a subunit-based
vaccine. Passive immunity in the treatment of anthrax has
been unsuccessful.
B