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Wisconsin’s Strategy for Wildlife Species of Greatest Conservation Need Habitat Alteration or Loss Dragonflies and damselflies occupy a variety of aquatic habitats, but the Species of Greatest Conservation Need tend to be either associated with flowing water, specialized wetlands such as peatlands, and specialized lake types. Species of Greatest Conservation Need often have a life cycle of two to three years which means the predominant life stage (larvae) have to have their requirements met for long periods of time. These habitats are influenced or threatened by a variety of factors, including: • portion of the watershed in forest cover (stream species), • inorganic and organic sedimentation imbedded in stream substrate, • alteration of flow regimes caused by impoundments and large scale conversion of natural cover types in the watershed, • point and nonpoint sources of pollutants, • shoreline and littoral zone modifications, • potential global climate change impacts, • drainage or impoundment of natural wetlands, and • introduction of fish or management for fish in naturally fishless (shallow) waterbodies. Priority Conservation Actions • Conduct status surveys, population monitoring, and basic life history research. • Develop and apply general habitat management guidelines. • Protect and manage specific waterbodies and watersheds containing significant populations of Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Insecta: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers ) Threats and Issues Lack of Information • Many aspects of the basic biology of the species remain poorly known. • We have limited information on species distributions and populations. • Public perceptions of grasshoppers as agricultural pests may create management obstacles. Habitat Alteration or Loss Few grasshoppers are specific in their choices of food plants. The taxa, however, fall into preference groups by vegetation type; grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees. Most open habitat grasshoppers require a loose substrate for oviposition and those that rely on visual signals for mate selection need areas with reduced vegetation. Arboreal species need persistent stands of woody vegetation and some species in this category are found only in proximity to particular families or genera of shrubs or trees. Given these requirements, habitat loss is always a threat to the ability of these animals to persist on the landscape. Threats include: • complete loss or fragmentation of habitat due to development, • disturbance due to human activities (recreation, transportation, land management, etc.), • alteration of plant community structure through succession, prairie management, and incursion of invasive plant species, • shoreline and wetland modification, and • non-specific broadcast of insecticides. Page 4-22
Wisconsin’s Strategy for Wildlife Species of Greatest Conservation Need Priority Conservation Actions • Conduct status surveys, population monitoring, and basic life history research. • Develop and apply general habitat management guidelines. • Protect dune and similar habitats known to be occupied by Species of Greatest Conservation Need. • Maintain corridors connecting occupied sites to prevent isolating populations. Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (True Bugs) Threats and Issues Lack of Information • Many aspects of the basic biology of the species remain poorly known. • We have limited information on species distributions and populations. Habitat Alteration or Loss True bugs occupy a variety of aquatic habitats. These habitats are influenced or threatened by a variety of factors, including: • alteration of flow regimes caused by impoundments and large scale conversion of natural cover types in the watershed, • point and nonpoint sources of pollutants, • shoreline and littoral zone modifications, • potential global climate change impacts, • drainage or impoundment of natural wetlands, and • introduction of fish or management for fish in naturally fishless (shallow) waterbodies. Priority Conservation Actions • Conduct systematic species atlasing, status surveys, population monitoring, and basic life history research. • Protect and manage specific waterbodies and watersheds containing significant populations of Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (Plant Bugs, Leafhoppers) Threats and Issues Lack of Information • Many aspects of the basic biology of the species remain poorly known. • We have limited information on species distributions and populations. • Lack of basic understanding of limiting factors for most species Habitat Alteration or Loss • Succession of grassland to woody vegetation • Plantings or conversions from open vegetation types to plantations, agriculture, etc. • Narrow host specificity of several species Page 4-23
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