presentation I - MANHAZ

EMEP long range transport air
pollution models and their
applications for policy making
Jerzy Bartnicki
Norwegian
Meteorological
Institute
EMEP MSC/W
(www.emep.int)

Outline of Part 1
What is EMEP and why EMEP?
Beginning of EMEP
EMEP as a part of Geneva Convention (CLRTAP)
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
FIRST EMEP model
EMEP UNFIED model (MSC-W)
Heavy Metal model (MSC-E)
POPs model (MSC-E)

What is EMEP and why EMEP?
EMEP – Co-operative programme for monitoring and
evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants
in Europe. Popular shorter name: European Monitoring and
Evaluation Programme. At present international
programme in the frame of Geneva Convention with more
than 50 participating European countries.
Emergency context: 1) Serious problem with acidification
in Scandinavia in 1960s and 1970s 2) some of European
forests reported dead in 1970s and1980s 3) nitrogen
oxides, ozone, heavy metals, POPs and aerosol problems
at present 4) experimental runs with radioactive debris

Beginning of EMEP
Svante Oden – Sweden (1967) – first public warning:
• precipitation all over Europe more acid and correlated
with increase of SO 2 emissions
• serious acidification of lakes in Scandinavia
• acidification of forest soils
Follow up OECD study with 11 participants, which
concluded that:
“air quality in any European country is measurably
effected by emissions from other countries”
and that
“if countries find it desirable to reduce substantially the
total deposition of sulphur within their borders individual
national control programmes can achieve only a limited
success”

Beginning of EMEP
1977 – A new programme is established under UNECE:
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme for
Transboundary Long-Range Transported Air Pollutants,
EMEP. In total 25 European countries participated in the
programme.
Modelling in the frame of EMEP started at the Norwegian
Institute for Air Research (NILU) and after a short period
was continued at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in
Oslo, initially by the team of two scientists: Anton Eliassen
and Jørgen Saltbones.
1979 – EMEP becomes a part of the Geneva
Convention: Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (CLRTAP)

CLTRAP Convention
(www.unece.org
www.unece.org)
November 1979 – signature of Convention by 34
European Governments and European Community
The Convention was the first international legally binding
instrument to deal with problems of air pollution on a broad
regional basis
16 March 1983 – The Convention entered to force, 90
days after it had been ratified by 24 Parties
At present, there are more than 50 Parties to the
Convention

Major principles of CLTRAP:
a) The recognition that air pollution is a major problem;
b) The declaration that Contracting Parties determined “to
protect man and his environment against air pollution”
would “endeavour to limit and, as far as possible,
gradually reduce and prevent air pollution”;
c) The commitment of Contracting Parties to ”by means of
exchange of information, consultation, research and
monitoring, taking into account develop without undue
delay policies and strategies which shell serve as a
means of combating the discharge of air pollutants,
taking into account efforts already made at national and
international levels”;
d) The intention to use “the best available technology
which is economically feasible” to meet the objectives of

Structure of CLTRAP and EMEP

Elements of the EMEP
programme:
programme
1. collection of emission data (MSC-W);
2. measurements of air and precipitation quality
(CCC);
3. modelling of atmospheric dispersion, using
emission data, meteorological data, and functions
describing the transformation and removal
processes (MSC-W + MSC-E).

Anton Eliassen
Jørgen Saltbones
First EMEP model
One layer, 2-D trajectory model for
SO 2 and SO 4
Backward 48 hours trajectories
850 hPa wind, every 6 hours
Constant mixing height 1000 m
Constant dry deposition velocities
Constant scavenging ratios
127 km grid resolution

Development of the EMEP
models
Trajectory model for SO 2 and SO 4 only
Implementation of nitrogen oxides
Implementation of ozone chemistry
First Eulerian multi-layer model
Eulerian models for HM and POPs (MSC-E)
Introduction of aerosol module
EMEP Unified model

UNIFIED model -
scientists
Leonor Tarrason
Project leader
David Simpson
Hilde Fagerli
Chemistry
Anton Eliassen - Leader
Jan Eiof Jonson
Ozone
Peter Wind Svetlana Tsyro Vigdis Vestreng

EMEP UNIFIED model
UNI - AERO
EMEP acidification
14 species, 4 size modes
Aerosol dynamics
Multimono
Boundary, lateral and initial conditions
Meteorological conditions
Advection
Emissions
UNI - ACID
EMEP acidification
10 species + PPM
Dry and Wet Deposition
UNI - OZONE
EMEP photochemistry
69 species, 170 reactions
PPM mass: 2 species

EMEP grid system

Vertical
structure
σ – co-ordinates
20 layers +mid-layers

Vertical structure (cont.)

Model equation
p − pT
σ
=
p*
*
p = p − p
S
T

Advection
Bott 4 th order - horizontal
Bott 2 nd order with variable grid distance in
vertical
Pure air is also advected to conserve mass
After each advection step the new mixing
ratios are calculated:
C
p
t+
∆T
x
*
=
* t+
∆t
x = * t+
∆t
( Cair
p )
p
S
(
C
−
p
T
p
)

Meteorological data

Vertical diffusion
K z calculated first based on local Richardson
numbers for the entire 3D model domain.
These values are applied above the PBL and
for stable PBL
O’Brien (1970) profile is used to calculate
K z (z) for unstable boundary layer
PBL is calculated based on NWP data and K z
and there are limits: 100m < PBL < 3000m

Anthropogenic emissions
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )
Nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO 2 )
Ammonia (NH 3 )
Non-methane volatile organic compounds
(NMVOC)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Particulates PM 2.5 and PM 10

Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
Sector 4
Sector 5
Sector 6
Sector 7
Sector 8
Sector 9
Sector 10
Sector 11
Agriculture
Source sectors
Combustion in energy and transformation industry
Non-industrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery (including ship traffic)
Waste treatment and disposal
Other sources and sinks

Emissions
VOC – VOC emissions are specified in each
sector
Aircraft– seasonally averaged aircraft
emissions are included for NO x as 3D fields.
Shipping – emissions included in sector 8
NMVOC – emissions calculated as function of
temperature and solar radiation
DMS – mantly average emissions as SO 2
Lightning - monthly average 3D NO x fields
Volcanoes – included for Italy

Land use
data
16 classes
Same for
deposition
modelling and
biogenic
emission
calculation

Initial and boundary conditions
Four methods currently available:
1. 3D fields from previous runs of the same or
another version of the Unified model
2. 3D fields from observations
3. 3D fields from global chemical transport
model
4. Prescribed concentrations in terms of latitude
and time of the year (or time of the day)

Chemical species
Chemical species
MACRO2
MVKO2
MALO2
MEKO2
OXYO2
PRRO2
ETRO2
ISRO2
SECC4H9O2
C2H5O2
CH3O2
HO2
OH
OP
OD
Short-lived:
PMco
PM2.5
AMNI
AMSU
NH3
pNO3
SO4
SO2
CH4
CO
H2
C2H5OH
CH3OH
ISNIRH
ISONO3H
MAR2O2H
CH3COO2H
H2O2
ISRO2H
MARO2H
MVKO2H
MALO2H
MEKO2H
OXYO2H
PRRO2H
ETRO2H
secC4H9O2H
C2H5OOH
CH3O2H
ISOP
OXYL
C3H6
C2H4
NC4H10
C2H6
CH3CHO
HCHO
MVK
MEK
MAL
MGLYOX
GLYOX
ISNIR
ISNI
MACR
CH3COO2
CH2CCH3
HNO3
ISONO3
N2O5
NO3
MPAN
PAN
NO2
NO
O3
Advected species

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Photolysis
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical
reactions

Chemical reactions
Numerical solution – the chemical equations are
solved using TWOSTEP method tested by Verwer
and Simpson (1995).

Dry deposition of gases
dCi ( zref
) Vg
⋅Ci
( zref
= −
dt ∆z
V
g
=
R
a
1
+ R
b
+
R
c
)

Dry deposition for aerosol
dCi ( zref
) Vg
⋅Ci
( zref
= −
dt ∆z
Vg υs
R R R R υ +
1
=
+ +
a
b
Bounce-off effect is calculated for aerosols
a
b
s
)

Wet deposition:
in-cloud in cloud
scavenging
For soluble component C:
∆C
wet
=
Win
⋅ P
−C
∆z
⋅ ρ
w

Wet deposition: below-cloud
below cloud
For gases:
∆C
For particles:
∆C
wet
wet
=
scavenging
=
Wsub
⋅ P
−C
∆z
⋅ ρ
−C
A⋅
P
⋅ E
V
dr
w

Aerosol dynamics
AEROSOLS: SO4, NO3, NH4, organic carbon (AC),
elemental carbon (EC), mineral dust,
sea salt (NaCl)
Four modes:
1. nuclation (d < 0.02µm)
2. Aitken (0.02 µm < d < 0.1 µm)
3. accumulation (0.1µm < d < 2.5 µm)
4. coarse (2.5 µm < d < 10 µm)
• Calculation of particle mass and number
distributed in four modes, aerosol chemical
composition, as well as, concentrations of PM 2.5
and PM 10 .

Computer implementation
1. Parallel design
2. Code in FORTRAN 90
3. Computer in Trondheim – SGI Origin 3800
4. One year run requires 11 hours real time on 32 MIPS
R14000 1200 Mflops processors
Synchro
Meteo10%
10%
Adavectio
n
10%
Chemistry
70%
CPU usage

Heavy metal model (MSCE-HM)
(MSCE HM)
Eulerian 3D, 5 layers
Pb, Cd, Hg
50×50km, 135×11 grid cells

POP model (MSCE-POP)
(MSCE POP)
Eulerian 3D, 5 layers
HCB, PCBs, γ-HCH
50×50km, 135×11 grid cells

Hemispheric model (in development)
MSC-E MSC
Eulerian 3D, 8 σ-layers
HCB, PCBs, γ-HCH, Pb, Cd, Hg
2.5 o ×2.5 o

Future of EMEP models
• Hemispheric or global approach
• Improvement of aerosol module
• Increased resolution in the large cities
• Data assimilation
• Closer cooperation with the Parties