Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty

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5. Party Structures and Internal Organization ................................ 79 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 79 5.1.1 Party structure .......................................................................................... 80 5.1.2 Party and government structure .............................................................. 81 5.2. Party management ............................................................................................ 84 5.2.1 Internal party democracy: Leadership and candidate selection................. 85 5.2.2 Internal party finance: Transparency and accountability ......................... 88 5.2.3 Leadership succession and crisis politics ................................................... 91 5.2.4 The representation of women and political party leadership .................... 94 5.3 Party policies and electoral programmes .......................................................... 101 6. External Party Regulations ................................................................... 103 6.1 New parties—old theories? ............................................................................. 104 6.2 Political parties and regulations ...................................................................... 105 6.3 Party law models .............................................................................................. 107 6.3.1 The proscription model ......................................................................... 108 6.3.2 The permission model ........................................................................... 108 6.3.3 The promotional model ......................................................................... 108 6.3.4 The protection model ............................................................................. 109 6.3.5 The prescription model ........................................................................... 110 6.4 Democratic and effective regulations? .............................................................. 111 6.5 Regulations, electoral management bodies and enforcement ............................. 112 6.6 Political party and candidate election contestation requirements ..................... 114 6.7 The funding of political parties and election campaigns .................................. 116 6.7.1 Legal provisions governing political fund-raising ..................................... 116 6.7.2 Sources of income of African political parties .......................................... 117 6.8 Direct and indirect public funding of political parties ...................................... 119 7. Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 127 7.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 127 7.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 129 Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................. 132 References and Select Bibliography ................................................... 134 About the Authors ......................................................................................... 140 About International IDEA ........................................................................... 141
Tables 1.1: The major African political parties .................................................................... 12 3.1: Percentage of the largest language group identifying with the governing party in 12 African countries ............................................................................ 27 3.2: Voter behaviour in elections in ten African states, 1995–9 ............................... 28 3.3: Language diversity in 25 African countries ....................................................... 30 3.4: Religious diversity in Africa .............................................................................. 31 4.1: African two-party systems ................................................................................. 47 4.2: Dominant-party systems and the major political parties ................................... 49 4.3. African multiparty systems ............................................................................... 52 4.4: African electoral systems and electoral system family ....................................... 56 4.5: Members of the Democrat Union of Africa/African Dialogue Group (DUA/ADG) .................................................................................................... 71 4.6: African political party members of Liberal International .................................. 73 4.7: African political party members of Socialist International .................................74 4.8: The Federation of Green Parties of Africa ......................................................... 76 5.1: Recent succession-driven constitutional crises, conflicts and consequences ...... 93 5.2: Constitutionally-enacted quotas for women in African countries ...................... 96 5.3: Legally-mandated quotas for women in African countries ................................. 97 5.4: Party-mandated parliamentary quotas for women in African countries ............ 98 5.5: Quotas in Africa: Electoral systems and the representation of women .............. 99 6.1: Requirements for political parties to contest national elections (first chamber) ..................................................................................................114 6.2: Requirements for political parties to contest national elections (second chamber) .............................................................................................115 6.3: Requirement for candidates to stand in parliamentary elections (first chamber) ...................................................................................................116 6.4: Forms of public funding of political parties .................................................... 120 6.5: Public subsidies for parties in African democracies by year of introduction, recipient, allocation criteria and amount ................................... 123 6.6: Enforcement authority in African countries with political party finance and income disclosure regulations ................................................................... 125 Figures 5.1: Comparison of party and government structure, with parliament as a machinery of government connecting voters, political parties and government ..................................................................................... 82
Page 1: Political Parties in Africa: Challe
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Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommend
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ACE Admi
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References and Select Bibliography
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Kadima, Denis, (ed.), The Politics
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—‘Building Political Parties: R
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About the Authors Per Nordlund is a
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Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty

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