Creationism - National Center for Science Education
Creationism - National Center for Science Education Creationism - National Center for Science Education
David Riegle, a teacher, favors the Gap Theory in his book Creation or Evolution? (originally 1962; a completely revised edition in 1971 has a Foreword by John N. Moore), though he also considers the Day-Age and intermittent-day theories respectfully. Riegle is honest about his motivations: “My main criticism of [teaching of evolution] is that pupils do not get an opportunity to read materials presenting the Bible story of Creation” (1962:5). He concedes that though some arguments can be made for the animal ancestry of man, the idea is “distasteful” to many people. He also considers the simplicity of Creation as opposed to evolution, with all its gaps and transformations, to be an argument in its favor: “One does not need much imagination to grasp the story of the Creation as related by Moses” (1962:34). “Let us accept the Bible story of Creation, in its entirety, and have faith enough in the God of Creation to believe that there is purpose in the things which we do not understand” (1962:51). In Fossils and the Word of God (1964), Walter Galusha proposes a modified Gap Theory, adding an extra creation. The first creation was followed by a catastrophe. The first people, fossil cave-men, inhabited the second creation; then there was a second catastrophe. Adam and Eve were created in the third creation, some 6,000 years ago; Noah’s Flood destroyed that world in 2310 B.C. Galusha says that Noah could talk to the animals, and they helped him build the Ark. Since there were no carnivores in Eden, he suggests that boa constrictors may have swallowed watermelons rather than prey. The antediluvians, he was able to determine, had electricity, but not internal combustion engines. Charles Ryrie, a professor at Dallas Theological Seminary with a Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh, rejects Ussher’s chronology but insists man is a recent creation. In his book You Mean the Bible Teaches That? (1974) he admits that Gen. 1:1-2 “may cover an interminably long period of time”: i.e. the Gap Theory. However, he also presents a Day-Age interpretation, and for good measure throws in the effects of the worldwide Flood and also creation with appearance of age (1974:121-122). Ryrie also wrote the tract We Believe in Creation (1967) stating the official position of the Dallas Theological Seminary faculty—again, allowing for either Gap Theory or Day-Age creationism. Rueben Katter, after a career in business and religious college administration, wrote two books “reconciling the theological and scientific viewpoints of the creation of the universe,” produced through Theotes-Logos Research, apparently a one-man group of Katter’s. In The History of Creation and Origin of the Species: A Scientific Theological Viewpoint (1967; revised and updated in 1984) and in Creationism: The Scientific Evidence of Creator Plan and Purpose for Manking in His Universe (1979), Katter reveals God’s colossal plan for the future and explains how the entire history of the world and of life was part of this divine conception. These intricate and bizarre Bible-science treatises are derived from fundamentalist creation-science but are clearly stamped with Katter’s idiosyncratic approach. According to Katter, the earth was created about twenty or so billion years ago. Katter accepts the standard geological timetable but interprets these ages as God’s carefully prepared stages. (Katter’s pre-Adamic chronology is summarized in 1984:118-119.) The primeval earth was under Lucifer’s management; he turned to evil, however, becoming Satan. Beginning about 20,000 B.C. the earth was subjected to a period of four Ice Ages, ending about 8,000 B.C. with the worldwide Catastrophe which
God precipitated by shifting the earth’s axis. (II Peter refers to this Catastrophe, not to Noah’s Flood.) God re-created the world six to eight thousand years ago as described in Genesis. Katter accepts the traditional date of Oct. 23, 4004 B.C. for Adam’s creation. Noah’s Flood occurred 1656 years later (also the traditional reckoning), on Halloween. According to Katter, “The Bible gives a clear picture of the Catastrophic judgement which followed Lucifer’s rebellion.” (1984:106-107). Katter includes detailed information about the dispensational scheme of history exhibited and prophesied in the Great Pyramid and other evidence from prophecy and Bible numerology. The Pyramid predicts “3000 A.D. as the time of the Great White Throne Judgment” (1984:36). Katter rounds off his treatise by explaining the twelve vast energy systems and dimensional levels of the cosmos, proposing a new atomic force along the way. Another Gap Theory defense is the introductory essay by S.G. Posey in John Scott’s strange book The Four Most Glorious Events in Human History: Or the Refutation of Evolution (n.d.). Posey, who deplores the “parading” of atheistic evolution on television, asserts that the false evolutionary assumptions are the result of mistranslation of Gen. 1:2—”was” instead of “became”—in the King James Bible. Posey, a Southern Baptist, proclaims the standard Gap Theory sequence. R.B. Thieme’s Creation, Chaos, and Restoration (1973) also presents the standard Gap Theory view (R. Price 1982:25). (Dan Quayle’s wife has been a follower of Thieme’s controversial Berachah Church in Houston.) J. Vernon McGee, former pastor of Los Angeles’ Church of the Open Door and a radio evengelist since 1941, has presented the Gap Theory in his “Thru the Bible Radio” program broadcast in all 50 states and six continents. The messages collected in Genesis —Vol. I (1975) contain his Gap Theory defense, which follows the standard scenario of Satan’s pre-Adamic reign. This book, which preserves the chatty style of his broadcasts (still aired), ridicules science and repeats many anti-evolution quotes and arguments. McGee, who recommends the Scofield Bible, also praises the ICR creation-scientists. Inspired by Herbert W. Armstrong, and acknowledging the assistance of his Ambassador College faculty, 37 William Dankenbring has written several books espousing Gap Theory creationism. Dankenbring wrote a 1973 article on creation/evolution for The Plain Truth, and now heads Triumph Publishing Company in Altadena, California. The First Genesis: The Saga of Creation vs. Evolution (1979; originally 1975) covers the standard creation-science arguments, including tales of Noah’s Ark. The 1979 edition includes a Foreword by NASA’s Wernher von Braun. “Evolutionists often lump all Creationists in the same bag,” complains Dankenbring (1979:3), “not realizing there are broad and vast differences of thought among Creationists about Creation itself.” Namely, there are young-earth creationists, and there are Gap Theory creationists (and others). Dankenbring affirms the great age of the earth as demonstrated by science, and presents the traditional Gap Theory interpretation, describing Lucifer’s Fall and pre- Adamic reign. God is not a great deceiver, or a cosmological practical joker. God had no reason to create a world which appears old, but in reality is only 6,000 years old. The great age of the earth, and life upon it, does not 37 An undated MS by Dankenbring in the Ambassador College Library, Did God Create the Universe?: A New Look at the Creation/Evolution Controversy, thanks Ambassador College faculty for their assistance, especially Stig Erlander (Iowa State biochemistry Ph.D.). This MS, which includes references up to 1970, is a preliminary version of First Genesis.
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God precipitated by shifting the earth’s axis. (II Peter refers to this Catastrophe, not to<br />
Noah’s Flood.) God re-created the world six to eight thousand years ago as described in<br />
Genesis. Katter accepts the traditional date of Oct. 23, 4004 B.C. <strong>for</strong> Adam’s creation.<br />
Noah’s Flood occurred 1656 years later (also the traditional reckoning), on Halloween.<br />
According to Katter, “The Bible gives a clear picture of the Catastrophic judgement<br />
which followed Lucifer’s rebellion.” (1984:106-107). Katter includes detailed<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation about the dispensational scheme of history exhibited and prophesied in the<br />
Great Pyramid and other evidence from prophecy and Bible numerology. The Pyramid<br />
predicts “3000 A.D. as the time of the Great White Throne Judgment” (1984:36). Katter<br />
rounds off his treatise by explaining the twelve vast energy systems and dimensional<br />
levels of the cosmos, proposing a new atomic <strong>for</strong>ce along the way.<br />
Another Gap Theory defense is the introductory essay by S.G. Posey in John<br />
Scott’s strange book The Four Most Glorious Events in Human History: Or the<br />
Refutation of Evolution (n.d.). Posey, who deplores the “parading” of atheistic evolution<br />
on television, asserts that the false evolutionary assumptions are the result of mistranslation<br />
of Gen. 1:2—”was” instead of “became”—in the King James Bible. Posey, a<br />
Southern Baptist, proclaims the standard Gap Theory sequence.<br />
R.B. Thieme’s Creation, Chaos, and Restoration (1973) also presents the<br />
standard Gap Theory view (R. Price 1982:25). (Dan Quayle’s wife has been a follower<br />
of Thieme’s controversial Berachah Church in Houston.)<br />
J. Vernon McGee, <strong>for</strong>mer pastor of Los Angeles’ Church of the Open Door and a<br />
radio evengelist since 1941, has presented the Gap Theory in his “Thru the Bible Radio”<br />
program broadcast in all 50 states and six continents. The messages collected in Genesis<br />
—Vol. I (1975) contain his Gap Theory defense, which follows the standard scenario of<br />
Satan’s pre-Adamic reign. This book, which preserves the chatty style of his broadcasts<br />
(still aired), ridicules science and repeats many anti-evolution quotes and arguments.<br />
McGee, who recommends the Scofield Bible, also praises the ICR creation-scientists.<br />
Inspired by Herbert W. Armstrong, and acknowledging the assistance of his<br />
Ambassador College faculty, 37 William Dankenbring has written several books espousing<br />
Gap Theory creationism. Dankenbring wrote a 1973 article on creation/evolution <strong>for</strong> The<br />
Plain Truth, and now heads Triumph Publishing Company in Altadena, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia. The<br />
First Genesis: The Saga of Creation vs. Evolution (1979; originally 1975) covers the<br />
standard creation-science arguments, including tales of Noah’s Ark. The 1979 edition<br />
includes a Foreword by NASA’s Wernher von Braun. “Evolutionists often lump all<br />
Creationists in the same bag,” complains Dankenbring (1979:3), “not realizing there are<br />
broad and vast differences of thought among Creationists about Creation itself.”<br />
Namely, there are young-earth creationists, and there are Gap Theory creationists (and<br />
others). Dankenbring affirms the great age of the earth as demonstrated by science, and<br />
presents the traditional Gap Theory interpretation, describing Lucifer’s Fall and pre-<br />
Adamic reign.<br />
God is not a great deceiver, or a cosmological practical joker. God had no reason to create a world which<br />
appears old, but in reality is only 6,000 years old. The great age of the earth, and life upon it, does not<br />
37 An undated MS by Dankenbring in the Ambassador College Library, Did God Create the Universe?: A<br />
New Look at the Creation/Evolution Controversy, thanks Ambassador College faculty <strong>for</strong> their assistance,<br />
especially Stig Erlander (Iowa State biochemistry Ph.D.). This MS, which includes references up to 1970,<br />
is a preliminary version of First Genesis.