Creationism - National Center for Science Education
Creationism - National Center for Science Education Creationism - National Center for Science Education
the origin of life “based on verifiable scientific facts” (Renaissance Inst. vs. Nat’l Acad. Sci. 1984:6). Though some religions adhere to a special theory of creation, Plaintiff, through scientific inquiry, has independently postulated the various theories of creation in scientific terms, as opposed to religious or philosophical beliefs... Plaintiff proposes to introduce at trial its proof that the theory of Creation as the explanation for the origin of life on Earth is scientifically verifiable. [Renaissance Inst. vs. Nat’l Acad. Sci.: 1984:3] In 1986 Khalifa made a video Creation or Evolution: The Final Argument, which is explicitly aimed at the Supreme Court with regard to the Louisiana creation-science case. In it he presents standard creation-science arguments against evolution, especially the probability arguments. He proclaims that mathematics, the most rigorous science, decisively proves evolution false. “A fact is a fact is a fact.” Evolution is the “worst mistake in the history of science,” and it is a “crime of historical proportions” that we continue to teach it in our schools when we have proof that it is wrong. In the second half of his video “Mathematics Proves Creation,” Khalifa presents his Qur’anic numerology as a “coded message from the super-intelligent Creator”: physical, verifiable evidence constituting “irrefutable proof” of Creation. He scoffs at creationists such as Duane Gish who say that creationism isn’t falsifiable or scientific in the strict sense, asserting that his mathematical code is positive and absolute proof. He also mentions that a Jewish rabbi first discovered the significance of the number 19 in the Torah some 900 years ago (Khalifa considers Jewish and Christian Scripture God’s Word, but the Qur’an is His “final” Word, and is the only perfect and inerrant Scripture). Maurice Bucaille, a French surgeon who learned Arabic and studied Islam intensively, takes more of a “Bible-science” approach than most traditional Islamic creationists, appealing to external scientific evidences, like Protestant creation-scientists. Bucaille’s The Bible, the Qur’an, and Science, which was originally published in French and has gone through ten editions, is very popular in France and in many Islamic countries. The Bible is a divine revelation from God, says Bucaille (like Khalif a), but it has been translated and recorded by fallible humans, and contains errors. The Qur’an is a later, perfect revelation: God’s words to Mohammed were written down directly. “In contrast to the Bible,” the Qur’anic text is “none other than the transcript of the Revelation itself; the only way it can be received and interpreted is literally” (1982:161). The Qur’an—unlike the Bible—is absolutely accurate scientifically: accurate far beyond Mohammed’s mere human ability. Thus, Bucaille’s “Bible-science” approach is identical to Protestant creation-scientists—except that he applies it to the Qur’an, and dismisses the Christian Bible as flawed and filled with error. Bucaille presents a detailed case for the validity of “higher criticism” of the Bible, explaining how research has demonstrated that the various parts of the Bible were written by different authors at different periods. That there are separate—conflicting—Yahvist and Sacerdotal sources for Genesis is unarguable, he states. But it is another story entirely for the Qur’an. Bucaille says that when the Qur’an was written, science had not progressed since Jesus’s time—yet the Qur’an (quite unlike the Bible) contains no scientific inaccuracies. Arabic science prior to the Qur’an Revelation was not advanced, but Islamic science flourished precisely because of the Qur’an [1979:121]. Using his own translation, Bucaille presents examples demonstrating how modern science is confirming various Qur’anic passages.
What initially strikes the reader confronted for the first time with a text of this kind is the sheer abundance of subjects discussed: the Creation, astronomy, the explanation of certain matters concerning the earth, the animal and vegetable kingdoms, human reproduction. Whereas monumental errors are to be found in the Bible, I could not find a single error in the Qur’an. I had to stop and ask myself: if a man was the author of the Qur’an, how could he have written facts in the seventh century A.D. that today are shown to be in keeping with modern scientific knowledge? [1979:120] There is, he says, “absolutely no opposition between the data in the Qur’an on Creation” and modern knowledge of cosmogony. The Creation account in Genesis, on the other hand, is a “masterpiece of inaccuracy from a scientific point of view” (1979:22). The six ‘days’ of creation described in the Qur’an are long periods, according to Bucaille, who asserts that the Qur’anic creation account is “quite different” from the Genesis account. The Bible is simply wrong in its claim that man was created recently. In a second book, What Is the Origin of Man?: The Answers of Science and the Holy Scriptures, Bucaille relies heavily on the arguments of anti-Darwinian French zoologist Pierre-Paul Grasse, quoting him extensively. Bucaille argues that Darwin was motivated largely by sociological factors, and that materialist evolution flourishes because of ideological—not scientific—reasons. Bucaille credits Darwin with some insight, but says that his evolutionist followers have extrapolated recklessly from Darwin’s theory, far beyond what he himself claimed. Drwin never claimed that man descended from apes, says Bucaille, though evolutionists now assert this in order to deny God and to promote materialism (1982:9, 170). Man was created similar to the apes, but separately (1982:199). Scientists “do not possess one iota of evidence” that they are related (1982:200), though Bucaille concedes that there has been some evolution within the hominid lineage (1982:211-212). Animals have evolved, but prior intelligent programming was necessary. Chance mutations are entirely incapable of accounting for evolution: “mutations would have had to occur in a chronologically perfect order at exactly the right moment in time,” which clearly they are incapable of doing (1982:67). Evolution, says Bucaille, is “quite obviously oriented”: i.e., a directed phenomenon (1982:50) (he cites Teilhard approvingly.) He strongly denounces Jacques Monod’s “chance and necessity” view of evolution (e.g. 1982:52-56). Bucaille notes that many Europeans remain skeptical of Darwinism, but that it is accepted quite uncritically in America (1982:44). He then discusses various “scientific” passages in the Qur’an, especially those dealing with human reproduction and embryology, explaining how these demonstrate the Qur’an’s scientific infallibility. Mohammed Ayub Khan Saidookhail presents a less sophisticated argument in his booklet The Missing Link: an Antithesis (1971). “Since long,” he writes, “my mind has been agitating to write something relating to ‘The Missing Link of Man’ because I could not relish the idea that my ancestors were apes.” “The man [sic] got on earth by creation and not by evolution. The monkey or baboon never evolved into a man, but man was made as such from the very beginning” (1971:1, 50). Saidookhail, who is is presumably Moslem, quotes from both Genesis and the Qur’an. A privately published booklet by Farid Abu Rameh, Creation or Evolution: Does Science Have the Answer? (1981?), based on a lecture given in England, presents the standard creation-science arguments, relying heavily on ICR material. Rahmeh, who got a civil engineering degree from the
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the origin of life “based on verifiable scientific facts” (Renaissance Inst. vs. Nat’l Acad.<br />
Sci. 1984:6).<br />
Though some religions adhere to a special theory of creation, Plaintiff, through scientific inquiry, has<br />
independently postulated the various theories of creation in scientific terms, as opposed to religious or<br />
philosophical beliefs... Plaintiff proposes to introduce at trial its proof that the theory of Creation as the<br />
explanation <strong>for</strong> the origin of life on Earth is scientifically verifiable. [Renaissance Inst. vs. Nat’l Acad.<br />
Sci.: 1984:3]<br />
In 1986 Khalifa made a video Creation or Evolution: The Final Argument, which<br />
is explicitly aimed at the Supreme Court with regard to the Louisiana creation-science<br />
case. In it he presents standard creation-science arguments against evolution, especially<br />
the probability arguments. He proclaims that mathematics, the most rigorous science,<br />
decisively proves evolution false. “A fact is a fact is a fact.” Evolution is the “worst<br />
mistake in the history of science,” and it is a “crime of historical proportions” that we<br />
continue to teach it in our schools when we have proof that it is wrong. In the second<br />
half of his video “Mathematics Proves Creation,” Khalifa presents his Qur’anic<br />
numerology as a “coded message from the super-intelligent Creator”: physical, verifiable<br />
evidence constituting “irrefutable proof” of Creation. He scoffs at creationists such as<br />
Duane Gish who say that creationism isn’t falsifiable or scientific in the strict sense,<br />
asserting that his mathematical code is positive and absolute proof. He also mentions that<br />
a Jewish rabbi first discovered the significance of the number 19 in the Torah some 900<br />
years ago (Khalifa considers Jewish and Christian Scripture God’s Word, but the Qur’an<br />
is His “final” Word, and is the only perfect and inerrant Scripture).<br />
Maurice Bucaille, a French surgeon who learned Arabic and studied Islam<br />
intensively, takes more of a “Bible-science” approach than most traditional Islamic<br />
creationists, appealing to external scientific evidences, like Protestant creation-scientists.<br />
Bucaille’s The Bible, the Qur’an, and <strong>Science</strong>, which was originally published in French<br />
and has gone through ten editions, is very popular in France and in many Islamic<br />
countries. The Bible is a divine revelation from God, says Bucaille (like Khalif a), but it<br />
has been translated and recorded by fallible humans, and contains errors. The Qur’an is a<br />
later, perfect revelation: God’s words to Mohammed were written down directly. “In<br />
contrast to the Bible,” the Qur’anic text is “none other than the transcript of the<br />
Revelation itself; the only way it can be received and interpreted is literally” (1982:161).<br />
The Qur’an—unlike the Bible—is absolutely accurate scientifically: accurate far beyond<br />
Mohammed’s mere human ability. Thus, Bucaille’s “Bible-science” approach is identical<br />
to Protestant creation-scientists—except that he applies it to the Qur’an, and dismisses<br />
the Christian Bible as flawed and filled with error.<br />
Bucaille presents a detailed case <strong>for</strong> the validity of “higher criticism” of the Bible,<br />
explaining how research has demonstrated that the various parts of the Bible were written<br />
by different authors at different periods. That there are separate—conflicting—Yahvist<br />
and Sacerdotal sources <strong>for</strong> Genesis is unarguable, he states. But it is another story<br />
entirely <strong>for</strong> the Qur’an. Bucaille says that when the Qur’an was written, science had not<br />
progressed since Jesus’s time—yet the Qur’an (quite unlike the Bible) contains no<br />
scientific inaccuracies. Arabic science prior to the Qur’an Revelation was not advanced,<br />
but Islamic science flourished precisely because of the Qur’an [1979:121]. Using his<br />
own translation, Bucaille presents examples demonstrating how modern science is<br />
confirming various Qur’anic passages.