Creationism - National Center for Science Education
Creationism - National Center for Science Education Creationism - National Center for Science Education
Rosin, may also already exist on other planets. Rosin first proposed H. sempervirens in a previous work, In God’s Image, which I haven’t seen. Meir Ben Uri is a prominent Israeli religious artist and architect whose hobby is reconstruction of Old Testament objects strictly according to biblical descriptions. Insisting that every letter in the Bible is correct, Ben Uri, an orthodox Jew, constructed a rhomboidal ark of bamboo and pitch, which he displayed in 1968. His careful ark reconstruction is cited admiringly by creationists such as Noorbergen (1974:76-78), who quotes a Feb. 1968 Christianity Today article describing Ben Uri’s work (“Making Noah’s Ark Credible”), Oviatt (1980:93-94), and R.L. Harris (1971:87). Even non-fundamentalist Jews may be sympathetic to anti-evolutionist feeling. A recent issue of Tikkun, a liberal Jewish journal, featured a special section on “Creationism vs. Evolution: Radical Perspectives on the Confrontation of Spirit and Science” with several articles critical of establishment evolutionist science. (The same issue contained an article by the late USC anthropologist Barbara Myerhoff.) In one article, “Creationism and the Spirit of Nature,” Peter Gabel, president of New College in California, says that science, because it is reductionist, is therefore incapable of identifying the holistic, spiritual essence of organisms. Evolution, he complains, cannot explain this essence, or the deep questions of reality and existence. The transformations of life-forms which evolution seeks to explain cannot possibly be explained “entirely or even primarily by chance genetic mutations” (1987:60). Science is now considered a “privileged source of truth” and is becoming our new established religion. Gabel urges instead an “intuitive” approach in order to identify with the inner nature and feelings of other organisms. As an example, he reinterprets Gould’s “panda’s thumb” case, suggesting that pandas “willed” this transformation and “identified” out of love with the new panda concept (he applauds Teilhard), eventually passing on the change “empathetically” to the embryo (1987:61). In another article, on legal aspects of creationism, two SUNY-Buffalo law professors explain the complications and inherent paradoxes of trying to safeguard both the establishment clause and the free exercise clause of the First Amendment with reference to creation/evolution cases. They note that science cannot be truly objective; that all science is rooted in social, cultural and political context. Popper, in the end, was wrong, and Kuhn was right. They find it paradoxical that S.J Gould properly emphasizes this paradigmatic nature of science and its context, rejecting simplistic dichotomies and praising many early creationists for being just as scientific as their opponents, yet he condemns modern creation-science as a sham and campaigns for its defeat, claiming that science conclusively shows evolution to be an established fact. It is modern fundamentalism’s heavy-handed, mechanical “facticity,” they argue, which makes it dogmatic and oppressive, and they warn of a similar danger in the new “elite priesthood” of evolutionist scientists (Freeman and Mensch 1987). Islam, like Christianity and Judaism, is a religion of the Book, and is likewise susceptible to literalist and fundamentalist interpretations. As with Jewish creationism, Islamic creationism, at least until the rise of the modern creation-science movement, has been openly religious rather than “scientific.” Like traditional Jewish creationism, and unlike much Protestant anti-evolutionism, which claims that creationism and other biblical truths can be empirically proven by external (non-biblical) evidence in addition
to “internal” evidence, Islamic creationism has traditionally emphasized internal evidences: proofs derived from the text of the Qur’an itself. In particular, various numerological studies and schemes have been proposed as proof of the supernatural origin of the Qur’an. Like similar exercises directed at the Torah and the Christian Bible, these are usually versions of “gematria”: “the ancient system of assigning numbers to each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, then adding up biblical words and phrases to obtain curious mathematical correlations” 28 (Gardner 1983:355). (The computerized mathematical analysis of Michelson and Aish Ha’Torah’s Pathways to the Torah is somewhat different, though the style and intent is very much the same. It consists of searches for “clusterings”: statistically unusual distributions of particular words found at certain distances in the text from selected subject words.) Rashid Khalifa, a Moslem creationist, has developed a numerological system for the Qur’an which is quite similar to the Jewish and Christian schemes based on gematria. Khalifa, who was born in Egypt and has a biochemistry Ph.D. from UC Riverside, heads the pesticide residue section of the Arizona chemist’s office. He also heads Masjid (Mosque) Tucson, and is editor of its newsletter Muslim Perspective. Khalifa made his own translation of the Qur’an, which he insists is absolutely inerrant: each individual letter is true and unalterable (important because of the numerical values assigned to letters). All other translations are false and heretical, he claims (Khalifa 1987). Using his perfect translation, Khalifa discovered amazing mathematical relationships, which he has pursued with computer analysis. There is a secret code in the Qur’an based on the number 19. For instance, the verse with which each sura (chapter) opens contains 19 letters; each word in the verse occurs in the entire Qur’an in some multiple of 19. Khalifa first announced his discovery of this code in a privatelypublished booklet called Number 19: A Numerical Miracle in the Koran (1972; cited in Gardner 1980:22). He has since developed this in books such as Qur’an: The Final Scripture, The Computer Speaks: God’s Message to World, and others. Khalifa declares that this secret, miraculous numerical code is “physical, verifiable and indisputable proof” that the Qur’an is “God’s final message to the world.” “Remember, there is no interpretation, opinion, or guess. These are absolutely physical facts” (Let the World Know). The mathematical relationship of all these letters proves that the Koran cannot be human-made. This is the first physical evidence for God, and it may take several generations to be appreciated. This marks a new era in religion. You don’t need to have faith anymore. [Quoted in J. Smith 1983] In 1982 Khalifa’s Islamic Productions published his book Creation: Why We Must Teach It in the Schools. In 1984 Khalifa filed a $38 million lawsuit against the National Academy of Sciences for their (1984) booklet Science and Creationism, which the NAS sent to every public high school in the country. Khalifa accused NAS of spreading “deliberately distorted information” and of suppressing academic freedom (news release flyer from Khalifa’s Renaissance Institute, n.d). He alleged that the NAS damaged his business, which involves selling creationist books and materials concerning 28 Jerry Lucas, former All-American basketball player, teamed up with fundamentalist author Del Washburn to write Theomatics: God’s Best Kept Secret Revealed (1977), which uses gematria to show that there is intricate mathematical design in the Bible. “Theomatics scientifically proves that God wrote the Bible.” The authors claim that God is revealing, via theomatics, this truth during these End Times in order to refute the prevalent view which denies that “God created all things by direct and personal action” and the assumption that the world is governed by impersonal laws of nature.
- Page 103 and 104: Hitchcock. Their completely unfound
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to “internal” evidence, Islamic creationism has traditionally emphasized internal<br />
evidences: proofs derived from the text of the Qur’an itself.<br />
In particular, various numerological studies and schemes have been proposed as<br />
proof of the supernatural origin of the Qur’an. Like similar exercises directed at the<br />
Torah and the Christian Bible, these are usually versions of “gematria”: “the ancient<br />
system of assigning numbers to each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, then adding up<br />
biblical words and phrases to obtain curious mathematical correlations” 28 (Gardner<br />
1983:355). (The computerized mathematical analysis of Michelson and Aish Ha’Torah’s<br />
Pathways to the Torah is somewhat different, though the style and intent is very much the<br />
same. It consists of searches <strong>for</strong> “clusterings”: statistically unusual distributions of<br />
particular words found at certain distances in the text from selected subject words.)<br />
Rashid Khalifa, a Moslem creationist, has developed a numerological system <strong>for</strong><br />
the Qur’an which is quite similar to the Jewish and Christian schemes based on gematria.<br />
Khalifa, who was born in Egypt and has a biochemistry Ph.D. from UC Riverside, heads<br />
the pesticide residue section of the Arizona chemist’s office. He also heads Masjid<br />
(Mosque) Tucson, and is editor of its newsletter Muslim Perspective. Khalifa made his<br />
own translation of the Qur’an, which he insists is absolutely inerrant: each individual<br />
letter is true and unalterable (important because of the numerical values assigned to<br />
letters). All other translations are false and heretical, he claims (Khalifa 1987). Using his<br />
perfect translation, Khalifa discovered amazing mathematical relationships, which he has<br />
pursued with computer analysis. There is a secret code in the Qur’an based on the<br />
number 19. For instance, the verse with which each sura (chapter) opens contains 19<br />
letters; each word in the verse occurs in the entire Qur’an in some multiple of 19. Khalifa<br />
first announced his discovery of this code in a privatelypublished booklet called Number<br />
19: A Numerical Miracle in the Koran (1972; cited in Gardner 1980:22). He has since<br />
developed this in books such as Qur’an: The Final Scripture, The Computer Speaks:<br />
God’s Message to World, and others. Khalifa declares that this secret, miraculous<br />
numerical code is “physical, verifiable and indisputable proof” that the Qur’an is “God’s<br />
final message to the world.” “Remember, there is no interpretation, opinion, or guess.<br />
These are absolutely physical facts” (Let the World Know).<br />
The mathematical relationship of all these letters proves that the Koran cannot be human-made. This is the<br />
first physical evidence <strong>for</strong> God, and it may take several generations to be appreciated. This marks a new<br />
era in religion. You don’t need to have faith anymore. [Quoted in J. Smith 1983]<br />
In 1982 Khalifa’s Islamic Productions published his book Creation: Why We<br />
Must Teach It in the Schools. In 1984 Khalifa filed a $38 million lawsuit against the<br />
<strong>National</strong> Academy of <strong>Science</strong>s <strong>for</strong> their (1984) booklet <strong>Science</strong> and <strong>Creationism</strong>, which<br />
the NAS sent to every public high school in the country. Khalifa accused NAS of<br />
spreading “deliberately distorted in<strong>for</strong>mation” and of suppressing academic freedom<br />
(news release flyer from Khalifa’s Renaissance Institute, n.d). He alleged that the NAS<br />
damaged his business, which involves selling creationist books and materials concerning<br />
28 Jerry Lucas, <strong>for</strong>mer All-American basketball player, teamed up with fundamentalist author Del<br />
Washburn to write Theomatics: God’s Best Kept Secret Revealed (1977), which uses gematria to show that<br />
there is intricate mathematical design in the Bible. “Theomatics scientifically proves that God wrote the<br />
Bible.” The authors claim that God is revealing, via theomatics, this truth during these End Times in order<br />
to refute the prevalent view which denies that “God created all things by direct and personal action” and the<br />
assumption that the world is governed by impersonal laws of nature.