towards an international legal reference environment
towards an international legal reference environment towards an international legal reference environment
Element Most abundant species Most stable species Exergy difference between both R.E. (kJ/mol) Sb Sb2S3 Sb2O5 1235,58 As FeAsS As2O5 1201,32 S FeS2 SO4-2 963,63 Bi Bi BiO+ 228,88 Cd CdS CdCl2 745,75 Ce PO4Ce CeO2 258,33 Zn ZnS Zn+2 717,22 Co Co3S4 Co3O4 967,7 Cu CuFeS2 Cu+2 1423,18 Mo MoS2 MoO4-2 1675,9 Os Os OsO4 306,81 Ag Ag2S AgCl2- 330,65 Pt Pt PtO2 84,59 Pb PbS PbCl2 710,34 Re ReS2 Re2O7 1556,65 Ru Ru RuO2 254,82 U UO2 UO3.H2O 127,49 Table 1: Exergy difference of selected elements considering either as reference species the most abundant or the most stable substances in the R.E. [2] CHEMICAL MENT ELE- REFERENCE SPECIES CHEMICAL EL. EXERGY Element Ch.S. Formula State P0n (kPa) Chemical exergy, ∆Gf (kJ/mol) State This posalpro- Szargut 1989 Valero et al. 2002 Rivero and Garfias kJ/mol (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) 2004 (kJ/mol) Argon Ar Ar g 9,06E-03 11,69 0 g 11,69 11,69 11,69 11,64 Carbon C CO2 g 3,35E-04 19,87 -394,36 s.,graf. 410,25 410,26 410,26 410,27 Helium He He g 4,85E-06 30,37 0 g 30,37 30,37 30,37 31,31 Hydrogen H H20 g 2,20E-02 9,49 -228,59 H2,g 236,10 236,1 236,10 236,12 Kripton Kr Kr g 9,70E-07 34,36 0 g 34,36 34,36 34,36 34,30 Neon Ne Ne g 1,77E-05 27,16 0 g 27,16 27,16 27,16 27,14 Nitrogen N N2 g 7,58E-01 0,72 0 N2, g 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,67 Oxygen O O2 g 2,04E-01 3,97 0 O2, g 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,92 Xenon Xe Xe g 8,70E-08 40,33 0 g 40,33 40,34 40,33 40,27 Table 2: Chemical exergies of the elements for gaseous reference substances CHEMICAL ELEMENT REFERENCE SPECIES CHEMICAL EL. EXERGY Element Ch.S. Formula State z γ mn mol/kg ∆Gf (kJ/mol) State This proposal (kJ/mol) Szargut 1989 (kJ/mol) Valero, Ranz and Botero 2002 (kJ/mol) Rivero and Garfias 2004 (kJ/mol) Arsenic As HAsO4-2 liq -2 0,138 2,10E-08 -714,7 s 493,83 494,6 litosphere 492,60 Bismuth Bi BiO+ liq 1 0,52 1,00E-10 -146,4 s 274,92 274,5 274,56 274,80 Boron B B(OH)3 liq 0 1 3,40E-04 -968,8 s 628,60 628,5 628,49 628,10 Bromine Br Br- liq -1 0,73 8,70E-04 -104,0 Br2, l 100,89 101,2 101,25 101,00 Cesium Cs Cs+ liq 1 0,6 2,30E-09 -282,2 s 404,58 404,4 404,58 404,60 Chlorine Cl Cl- liq -1 0,63 5,66E-01 -131,26 Cl2, g 124,03 123,6 123,66 123,70 Cadmium Cd CdCl2 liq 0 1 6,90E-11 -359,4 s 293,37 293,8 293,8 litosphere Copper Cu Cu2+ liq 2 0,2 7,30E-10 65,5 s 134,25 134,2 134,24 litosphere Iodine I IO3- liq -1 0,6 5,20E-07 -128,0 I2, s 174,74 174,7 174,76 175,70 Lead Pb PbCl2 liq 0 1 4,20E-11 -297,2 s 232,40 232,8 232,83 litosphere Lithium Li Li+ liq 1 0,68 2,50E-05 -294,0 s 393,03 393,0 393,03 392,7 Mercury Hg HgCl4-2 liq -2 0,1 3,40E-10 -446,9 l 114,99 115,9 115,86 litosphere Molybdenium Mo MoO4-2 liq -2 0,1 1,10E-07 -836,4 s 730,27 730,3 730,29 731,3 Nickel Ni Ni+2 liq 2 0,2 1,20E-07 -45,6 s 232,70 232,7 232,7 litosphere Phosphorous P HPO4-2 liq -2 0,1 4,90E-07 -1089,3 s 861,42 861,4 861,43 861,3 Potash K K+ liq 1 0,62 1,06E-02 -282,4 s 366,66 366,6 366,67 366,7 Rubidium Rb Rb+ liq 1 0,6 1,40E-06 -282,4 s 388,89 388,6 388,88 388,7 Selenium Se SeO4-2 liq -2 0,1 1,20E-09 -441,4 s 346,47 346,5 346,49 347,5 Silver Ag AgCl2- liq -1 0,6 2,70E-09 -215,5 s 69,85 70,2 70,28 litosphere Sodium Na Na+ liq 1 0,65 4,86E-01 -262,05 s 336,71 336,6 336,66 336,7 Sulfur S SO4-2 liq -2 0,11 2,93E-02 -744,6 s 607,05 609,6 609,56 609,3 Wolfram W WO4-2 liq -2 0,1 5,60E-10 -920,5 s 827,46 827,5 827,48 828,5 Zinc Zn Zn2+ liq 2 0,2 1,70E-08 -147,3 s 339,25 339,2 339,24 litosphere Table 3: Chemical exergies of the elements for aqueous reference substances
CHEMICAL ELEMENT REFERENCE SPECIES CHEMICAL EL. EXERGY Element Ch.S. noi(mol/g) Formula State ci z0 Chemical exergy, kJ/mol ∆Gf (kJ/mol) State This proposal (kJ/mol) Szargut 1989 (kJ/mol) Valero et al. 2002 (kJ/mol) Rivero and Garfias 2004 (kJ/mol) 795,7 Aluminium Al 2,98E-01 Al2SiO5 s 0,01 2,14E-01 3,83 -2440,99 s 790,39 888,20 RS Al2O3 = Antimonium Sb 1,64E-09 Sb2O5 s 0,001 1,18E-10 56,68 -829,3 s 438,02 438,01 438,01 438,2 Barium Ba BaSO4 s 5,88E-06 29,85 -1361,9 s 776,76 775,1 774,25 775,4 Beryllium Be 3,33E-07 Be2SiO4 s 0,01 2,39E-07 37,80 -2033,3 s 604,53 604,40 RS=BeO 604,3 Calcium Ca CaCO3 s 5,48E-04 18,61 -1129 s 731,40 729,10 hydrosphere 729,1 Cerium Ce 4,57E-07 CeO2 s 0,02 1,31E-06 33,58 -1024,8 s 1054,40 1054,60 1054,38 1054,7 Chromium Cr 1,60E-06 K2Cr2O7 s 0,01 1,15E-06 33,91 -1882,3 s 584,49 584,3 RS=Cr2O3 584,4 Cobalt Co 2,89E-07 CoFe2O4 s 0,005 2,07E-07 38,15 -1032,6 s 308,82 312,00 RS=Co3O4 313,4 Dysprosium Dy 2,15E-08 Dy(OH)3 s 0,02 6,17E-08 41,15 -1294,3 s 975,35 975,9 975,32 976 Erbium Er 1,38E-08 Er(OH)3 s 0,02 3,96E-08 42,25 -1291 s 973,15 972,8 973,12 972,8 Europium Eu 5,79E-09 Eu(OH)3 s 0,02 1,66E-08 44,41 -1320,1 s 1004,40 1003,8 1004,37 1003,8 Fluorine F2 3,30E-05 CaF2*3Ca3 (PO)2 s 0,01 2,37E-05 26,40 -12985,3 F2, g 481,54 504,90 RS = CaF2 505,8 Gadolinium Gd 1,93E-08 Gd(OH)3 s 0,02 5,54E-08 41,42 -1288,9 s 970,22 969 969,63 969 Gallium Ga 2,44E-07 Ga2O3 s 0,02 3,50E-07 36,85 -998,6 s 514,75 514,9 514,73 515 Germanium Ge 2,20E-08 GeO2 s 0,05 1,58E-07 38,83 -521,5 s 556,35 557,6 556,33 557,7 Gold Au Au s 3,23E-11 59,88 0 s 59,88 50,5 53,39 50,6 Hafnium Hf 3,25E-08 HfO2 s 0,05 2,33E-07 37,86 -1027,4 s 1061,28 1062,90 1061,26 1063,1 Holmium Ho 4,85E-09 Ho(OH)3 s 0,02 1,39E-08 44,85 -1294,8 s 979,54 978,6 979,51 978,7 Indium In 4,36E-10 In2O3 s 0,05 1,56E-09 50,26 -830,9 s 437,60 436,8 437,59 436,9 Iridium Ir 1,04E-13 IrO2 s 0,005 7,46E-14 74,93 -185,6 s 256,56 246,80 256,53 247 Iron Fe Fe2O3 s 7,78E-04 17,75 -742,2 s 376,99 374,8 374,81 374,3 Lanthanum La 2,16E-07 La(OH)3 s 0,02 6,19E-07 35,43 -1319,2 s 994,53 994,6 994,5 994,7 Lutetium Lu 1,83E-09 Lu(OH)3 s 0,02 5,25E-09 47,26 -1259,6 s 946,76 945,7 946,73 945,8 Magnesium Mg Mg3Si4 O10(OH)2 s 1,75E-04 21,45 -5543 s 629,37 626,1 hydrosphere 626,9 Manganese Mn MnO2 s 6,81E-07 35,20 -465,2 s 496,42 482 482,93 487,7 Neodymium Nd 1,80E-07 Nd(OH)3 s 0,02 5,16E-07 35,89 -1294,3 s 970,08 970,1 970,05 970,1 Niobium Nb 1,29E-07 Nb2O3 s 0,01 9,25E-08 40,15 -1766,4 s 900,29 899,7 899,37 899,7 Osmium Os 2,63E-13 OsO4 s 0,005 1,89E-13 72,63 -305,1 s 369,78 368,1 369,76 368,4 Palladium Pd 4,70E-12 PdO s 0,005 3,37E-12 65,48 -82,5 s 146,00 138,6 145,97 138,7 Platinum Pt 2,60E-11 PtO2 s 0,005 1,86E-11 61,24 -83,7 s 140,97 141 140,9 141,2 Plutonium Pu 6,20E-20 PuO2 s 0,01 8,89E-20 108,74 -995,1 s 1099,87 1100 1099,84 1100,1 Praseodymium Pr 5,04E-08 Pr(OH)3 s 0,02 1,45E-07 39,04 -1285,1 s 964,04 963,8 964,01 963,9 Radium Ra 4,40E-15 RaSO4 s 0,05 3,15E-14 77,06 -1364,2 s 826,27 823,9 823,69 824,2 Rhenium Re 2,15E-12 Re2O7 s 0,01 1,54E-12 67,42 -1067,6 s 560,56 559,5 560,27 559,6 Rhodium Rh 9,70E-12 Rh2O3 s 0,005 3,48E-12 65,41 -299,8 s 179,62 179,7 176,61 179,7 Rutenium Ru 1,00E-12 RuO2 s 0,005 7,17E-13 69,32 -253,1 s 318,45 318,6 318,42 318,6 Samarium Sm 2,99E-08 Sm(OH)3 s 0,02 8,58E-08 40,34 -1314 s 994,23 993,6 994,2 993,7 Scandium Sc 3,03E-07 Sc2O3 s 0,05 1,09E-06 34,04 -1819,7 s 923,89 925,2 924,14 925,3 Silicon Si SiO2 s 5,75E-01 1,37 -856,7 s 854,10 854,9 854,18 855 Strontium Sr SrCO3 s 1,96E-09 49,71 -1140,1 s 773,59 749,8 748,63 749,8 Tantalum Ta 5,53E-09 Ta2O5 s 0,01 3,97E-09 47,96 -1911,6 s 974,81 974 973,82 974,1 Tellurium Te 1,40E-11 TeO2 s 0,005 1,00E-11 62,78 -270,3 s 329,10 329,2 329,08 329,3 Terbium Tb 4,03E-09 Tb(OH)3 s 0,02 1,16E-08 45,30 -1314,2 s 999,40 998,4 999,37 998,5 Thalium Tl 3,67E-09 Tl2O4 s 0,01 2,63E-09 48,97 -347,3 s 194,16 194,9 194,15 194,9 Thorium Th ThO2 s 1,86E-10 55,54 -1169,1 s 1220,67 1202,6 1202,09 1202,7 Thulium Tm 1,95E-09 Tm(OH)3 s 0,02 5,59E-09 47,10 -1265,5 s 952,50 951,7 952,47 951,8 Tin Sn SnO2 s 2,87E-08 43,05 -519,6 s 558,67 551,9 549,15 551,8 Titanium Ti TiO2 s 1,99E-04 21,13 -889,5 s 906,65 907,2 902,89 907,2 Uranium U 1,18E-08 UO3.H2O s 0,01 1,69E-08 44,36 -1395,9 s 1196,22 1196,6 1196,19 1196,6 Vanadium V 2,10E-06 V2O5 s 0,01 1,51E-06 33,23 -1419,6 s 721,45 720,4 722,15 721,3 Yterbium Yb 1,27E-08 Yb(OH)3 s 0,02 3,64E-08 42,46 -1262,5 s 944,85 944,3 944,83 944,3 Ytrium Y 2,48E-07 Y(OH)3 s 0,02 7,11E-07 35,09 -1291,4 s 966,39 965,5 966,37 965,6 Zirconium Zr ZrSiO4 s 7,88E-05 23,42 -1919,5 s 1080,88 1083,4 RE = ZrO2 1083 Table 4: Chemical exergies of the elements for solid reference substances
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Element Most abund<strong>an</strong>t species Most stable species Exergy<br />
difference<br />
between<br />
both R.E.<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Sb Sb2S3 Sb2O5 1235,58<br />
As FeAsS As2O5 1201,32<br />
S FeS2 SO4-2 963,63<br />
Bi Bi BiO+ 228,88<br />
Cd CdS CdCl2 745,75<br />
Ce PO4Ce CeO2 258,33<br />
Zn ZnS Zn+2 717,22<br />
Co Co3S4 Co3O4 967,7<br />
Cu CuFeS2 Cu+2 1423,18<br />
Mo MoS2 MoO4-2 1675,9<br />
Os Os OsO4 306,81<br />
Ag Ag2S AgCl2- 330,65<br />
Pt Pt PtO2 84,59<br />
Pb PbS PbCl2 710,34<br />
Re ReS2 Re2O7 1556,65<br />
Ru Ru RuO2 254,82<br />
U UO2 UO3.H2O 127,49<br />
Table 1: Exergy difference of selected elements considering either as <strong>reference</strong> species the most abund<strong>an</strong>t or<br />
the most stable subst<strong>an</strong>ces in the R.E. [2]<br />
CHEMICAL<br />
MENT<br />
ELE-<br />
REFERENCE SPECIES CHEMICAL EL. EXERGY<br />
Element Ch.S. Formula State P0n (kPa) Chemical<br />
exergy,<br />
∆Gf<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
State This<br />
posalpro-<br />
Szargut<br />
1989<br />
Valero et<br />
al. 2002<br />
Rivero <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Garfias<br />
kJ/mol<br />
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) 2004<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Argon Ar Ar g 9,06E-03 11,69 0 g 11,69 11,69 11,69 11,64<br />
Carbon C CO2 g 3,35E-04 19,87 -394,36 s.,graf. 410,25 410,26 410,26 410,27<br />
Helium He He g 4,85E-06 30,37 0 g 30,37 30,37 30,37 31,31<br />
Hydrogen H H20 g 2,20E-02 9,49 -228,59 H2,g 236,10 236,1 236,10 236,12<br />
Kripton Kr Kr g 9,70E-07 34,36 0 g 34,36 34,36 34,36 34,30<br />
Neon Ne Ne g 1,77E-05 27,16 0 g 27,16 27,16 27,16 27,14<br />
Nitrogen N N2 g 7,58E-01 0,72 0 N2, g 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,67<br />
Oxygen O O2 g 2,04E-01 3,97 0 O2, g 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,92<br />
Xenon Xe Xe g 8,70E-08 40,33 0 g 40,33 40,34 40,33 40,27<br />
Table 2: Chemical exergies of the elements for gaseous <strong>reference</strong> subst<strong>an</strong>ces<br />
CHEMICAL ELEMENT REFERENCE SPECIES CHEMICAL EL. EXERGY<br />
Element Ch.S. Formula State z γ mn mol/kg ∆Gf (kJ/mol) State This proposal<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Szargut<br />
1989<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Valero,<br />
R<strong>an</strong>z <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Botero<br />
2002<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Rivero <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Garfias<br />
2004<br />
(kJ/mol)<br />
Arsenic As HAsO4-2 liq -2 0,138 2,10E-08 -714,7 s 493,83 494,6 litosphere 492,60<br />
Bismuth Bi BiO+ liq 1 0,52 1,00E-10 -146,4 s 274,92 274,5 274,56 274,80<br />
Boron B B(OH)3 liq 0 1 3,40E-04 -968,8 s 628,60 628,5 628,49 628,10<br />
Bromine Br Br- liq -1 0,73 8,70E-04 -104,0 Br2, l 100,89 101,2 101,25 101,00<br />
Cesium Cs Cs+ liq 1 0,6 2,30E-09 -282,2 s 404,58 404,4 404,58 404,60<br />
Chlorine Cl Cl- liq -1 0,63 5,66E-01 -131,26 Cl2, g 124,03 123,6 123,66 123,70<br />
Cadmium Cd CdCl2 liq 0 1 6,90E-11 -359,4 s 293,37 293,8 293,8 litosphere<br />
Copper Cu Cu2+ liq 2 0,2 7,30E-10 65,5 s 134,25 134,2 134,24 litosphere<br />
Iodine I IO3- liq -1 0,6 5,20E-07 -128,0 I2, s 174,74 174,7 174,76 175,70<br />
Lead Pb PbCl2 liq 0 1 4,20E-11 -297,2 s 232,40 232,8 232,83 litosphere<br />
Lithium Li Li+ liq 1 0,68 2,50E-05 -294,0 s 393,03 393,0 393,03 392,7<br />
Mercury Hg HgCl4-2 liq -2 0,1 3,40E-10 -446,9 l 114,99 115,9 115,86 litosphere<br />
Molybdenium Mo MoO4-2 liq -2 0,1 1,10E-07 -836,4 s 730,27 730,3 730,29 731,3<br />
Nickel Ni Ni+2 liq 2 0,2 1,20E-07 -45,6 s 232,70 232,7 232,7 litosphere<br />
Phosphorous P HPO4-2 liq -2 0,1 4,90E-07 -1089,3 s 861,42 861,4 861,43 861,3<br />
Potash K K+ liq 1 0,62 1,06E-02 -282,4 s 366,66 366,6 366,67 366,7<br />
Rubidium Rb Rb+ liq 1 0,6 1,40E-06 -282,4 s 388,89 388,6 388,88 388,7<br />
Selenium Se SeO4-2 liq -2 0,1 1,20E-09 -441,4 s 346,47 346,5 346,49 347,5<br />
Silver Ag AgCl2- liq -1 0,6 2,70E-09 -215,5 s 69,85 70,2 70,28 litosphere<br />
Sodium Na Na+ liq 1 0,65 4,86E-01 -262,05 s 336,71 336,6 336,66 336,7<br />
Sulfur S SO4-2 liq -2 0,11 2,93E-02 -744,6 s 607,05 609,6 609,56 609,3<br />
Wolfram W WO4-2 liq -2 0,1 5,60E-10 -920,5 s 827,46 827,5 827,48 828,5<br />
Zinc Zn Zn2+ liq 2 0,2 1,70E-08 -147,3 s 339,25 339,2 339,24 litosphere<br />
Table 3: Chemical exergies of the elements for aqueous <strong>reference</strong> subst<strong>an</strong>ces
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