Conservation and Innovation : Helmholtz's Struggle with Energy ...

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published approach for "energy" conservation is shown by the fact that Clapeyron's numerical work-equivalent, if reinterpreted in the new energy model, is not far from later accepted values 503. Thus the notebook is relevant as an indication of Carnot's shift from one model to another, but not of his acceptance of the conservation principle. In my view history would be better clarified if the grouping were done differently from how Kuhn did it, that is not with the aim of asserting strict similarities between the members of a group, but with the aim of a more consistent comparison of their assertions on specific points. I can suggest for instance to compare the works of the "pioneers" on the basis of: a) the kind of general principle adopted: a correlation 504 of forces, that is, a conversion with constant coefficients 505; a conservation at positions (vis viva principle) 506; a conservation of an underlying unity during a process 507. 503 Clapeyron's coefficient of 1.41Kgm ( work obtained in the passage of a calory from 1°C to 0°Celsius) is consistent with later results: if we want to shift to the other interpretation of energy (heat equals work) we have only to multiply it by 273.16 (absolute temperature of melting ice). We get 385.15 Kgm, a value not too different from Joule's. See: Planck Princip . Pp.13-4 and 188-9. 504 Kuhn recognizes that a distinction has to be made between correlation and conservation: Kuhn Sim Disc p.79 and 82. 505 As in Roget, Séguin, Liebig, Colding, Mayer, Hirn, Grove, Faraday, Joule; on Liebig see: Kremer, Richard. "The Thermodynamics of Life and Experimental Physiology, 1770-1880." Dissertation. Harvard University, 1984. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45 (1985), 3731A. Pp.193-215; on Colding see: Dahl, Per. "Ludwig A. Colding and the Conservation of Energy." In Centaurus 8 (1963): 174-88; on Mayer see: Lindsay, Robert Bruce. Julius Robert Mayer, Prophet of Energy. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press,1973; Heimann, Peter. "Mayer's Concept of 'Force': the 'Axis' of a New Science of Physics." In HSPS 7 (1976) : 227-96; on the analogies between heat model in Mayer and Hirn see: Planck Princip . Pp.75-6; on Grove see: Cantor, Geoffrey. "William Robert Grove, the Correlation of Forces and the Conservation of Energy." In Centaurus 19 (1976): 273-90; on Faraday see: Gooding, David. "Metaphysics versus Measurement: the Conversion and Conservation of Force in Faraday's Physics." In Annals of Science 37 (1980): 1-29. For remarks on Kuhn and Heimann see n7 and 8 Pp.2-3, n15 P.4; for Grove, Faraday and Joule see: Heimann "Conversion" pp.148-9; for the differences between the last two, see: Cantor "Faraday and Joule on Energy Conservation". Paper presented at the Joule' s Centenary meeting, Manchester 1989. Forthcoming.
) the experimental determinations of the work equivalents. c) the conceptual model adopted for heat: caloric 508, basic quantity 509, or mechanical 510. d) the kind of mathematical formulation adopted: for instance energy as a sum of two basic forms, positional and kinetic 511 or as a product of an intensity and a capacity factor 512. Other interesting comparisons among the pioneers could be done on the basis of e) the different nationalities 513 and of f) the different generations of the scientists 514. 506 That is: existence of a potential or of a generalised potential, for instance in Weber, Clausius, C.Neumann; see my Energy and Electr Pp.75-8; 98-108; 122-36; 153-165. 507 According to Kun: Colding, Helmholtz, Liebig, Mayer, Mohr, Sèguin; see: Kuhn Sim Disc P.94; but at P.68 Grove and Faraday shared the same idea; Grove is supposed to announce a universal conservation principle p.70, but compare with Cantor's "Grove" p.286; also Kuhn's inclusion of Sèguin in this group is not without contradictions: in Kuhn Sim Disc P.70 Séguin is supposed to have discussed only a special case of energy conservation and at P.76 and 81 to have ignored the new conversion processes entirely. 508 as in Carnot, Clapeyron, Hess, Holtzmann; the literature on Carnot is huge; see up to 1984: Home, Roderick. The History of Classical Physics. A Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1984. Pp.238-48; on Clapeyron, Hess and Holtzmann see Helm Energetik Pp.32-3 and 58-63. 509 As in Mayer 510 As in Mohr, Joule, Helmholtz, Rankine, Clausius, W.Thomson; on Mohr see: Helm Energetik part 1 chapt 3 P.9; on Joule see: Cardwell, Donald S.L.. "James Prescott Joule and the Idea of Energy." In Phys.Educ. 24 (1989): 123-7; Cardwell, Donald S.L. James Joule. A biography. Manchester: Manchester U.P., 1989. 511 For instance in: Helmholtz, Rankine, Thomson. 512 For instance in Rankine. 513 Stress could be given for instance to the differences between British, French and German institutional and philosophical backgrounds, as suggested by Elkana in: Elkana A case of? p.56; Elkana, Yehuda. The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy . London: Hutchinson Educational, 1974. 514 To "highlight differences in background, education, style" as hinted by Cantor after the example of Caneva. See: Cantor Locating p.9; Caneva, K."From Galvanism to Electrodynamics: The Transformation of German Physics and its Social Context." HSPS 9 (1978) 63-159.
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Fabio Bevilacqua Conservation and I
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different formulations 4 and priori
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and interesting results, despite th
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principle of correlation is express
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principle to the existing empirical
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the origin and meaning of the princ
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Whether physiological research, apa
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In a discussion on the origins of a
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his "Wärme" that one of the differ
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generate a determined equivalent of
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"Bericht", despite the application
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experiments in the most disparate b
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The premise reveals that the struct
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intelligible if it can be referred
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elevant consequence of the deductio
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Needless to say the plan was to be
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and from here that the direction an
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since Leonardo 113; the "ad nihilum
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But unfortunately for the whole str
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The principle of conservation of vi
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different from the one joining the
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"The equality that exists between e
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In virtue of its limitations to New
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Helmholtz, while asserting that lig
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the temperature of 1 Kg of water ca
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In his search for a mechanical equi
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had already been achieved in the Be
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approach is discussed at length and
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and unaware of Green's results190,
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potential function 201. It is worth
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and judged unreliable, despite prov
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The relevance of the first question
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principle taking this potential int
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Finally we get to the real conclusi
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conservation 234, on the theory of
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for the mechanical equivalent of he
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The controversy started with some r
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where μ are immovable masses, m th
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demonstration criticised by Clausiu
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directions that join them and whose
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quotes 288 and criticises a proposi
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motion to all natural forces, the k
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measure this expenditure and compar
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Page 121 and 122: considered relevant. In Poincarè
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Page 143 and 144: Blüh, Otto. "The Value of Inspirat
Page 145 and 146: Graetz, L. "Das Mechanische Wärme
Page 147 and 148: Helmholtz, Hermann. "Bericht über
Page 149 and 150: Helmholtz, Hermann. Wissenschaftlic
Page 151 and 152: Madison: Wisconsin U.P., 1959. Pp.
Page 153 and 154: Poincarè, Henry. Electricité et O
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