Experiments with Supersonic Beams as a Source of Cold Atoms

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provided me with plenty of insight. Ed, additionally, makes a mean grilled rack of lamb, and I greatly enjoyed spending time with him, his wife Julia, and their son, Yoav. Rob worked with me on the hydrogen experiment, and his laser experience laser helped us to get UV light. I also had many fun evenings at Clark Tavern. I also wish to thank each of the Wurzberg students I worked with during my time here. Max Riedel and Christoph Schaeff worked with me on the rotor experiment. Max worked with me getting the rotor off the ground, and I would like to thank him for his contributions there. More important to me though is the friendship he provided during my first year. Whether playing badminton, listening to music, or just eating ice cream, Max was a great guy to hang out with. Christoph worked to get the LiF aspect of the rotor working, and his devotion to the experiment and to the Austrian body building method both impressed me. Finally, I must thank Christian Parthey. Christian worked with me on the magnetic slowing of neon, and was a fantastic person to work with in the lab. He is also a great friend and someone I spent a lot of my non-lab time with while he was here. I would also like to point out that his skill set is not limited to the lab as I’ve observed some impressive moves on the rock. As I am leaving, the hydrogen experiment will be run by Maria Becker and Tom. Maria started at the beginning of this year and has quickly become an essential part of the team, as well as an arduino interlock expert. I have no doubts that the experiment is in good hands. Besides the people I worked with directly, there are many other Raizen lab members who provided me with good times and good physics when I needed them. Uzi Even worked with us on the supersonic beam side and greatly shorted my learning curve regarding beam physics. Gabe was a great source of knowledge regarding single photon cooling and he also was the driving force behind the first and only Raizen lab Salt Lick Contest. David is a fantastic physicist, with a meticulous approach vi
to problems, and I frequently went to him if there was a concept that confused me. Hrishi, Tongcang, and Kevin were all wonderful people to work with. Simon and Akarsh are sure to do great things with their bead experiment, and Jamie and Roderigo are quickly getting the focusing experiment going. Jianyong is rapidly learning the lithium experiment, and he is sure to do great things with it in the future. Melissa was our lab’s high energy person, and I had many wonderful discussions with her while sharing an office. I am sure she will find success in her new role leading the company that has grown out of her research here. I thank all of you for your help and friendship. I have received considerable support from other members of the UT physics community as well, and I would particularly like to thank the machine and cryoshop here. It is thanks to the skills of the machinists that some of our more complicated designs came together and worked as intended, and the shop was certainly there for me to fix things that had gone wrong. I would particularly like to thank Allan for discussing my designs with me and going over the best way to approach a part. Also deserving of special mention are Lanny and Ed, who provided me with excellent support from the cryo and vacuum shop. Finally, I would like to thank Jack, who taught me everything I know about machining. When we needed a part RIGHT NOW, Jack was there to help me figure out how to make it. My heartfelt thanks to everyone on the third floor. I would also like to thank Elena, Mary Beth, and Olga on the 14th floor. Their tireless efforts make the lab run much smoother and facilitate much of what we do downstairs. In addition to my fellow lab members, I would like to thank my parents for providing me with the support and love to get where I am now. Visits home frequently provided a much needed break, and life here was certainly less stressful knowing that they were there to support me. I would also like to thank my new family for all of vii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Adam Alexander Libson
Page 3 and 4: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 5: Acknowledgments First and foremost,
Page 9 and 10: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 5. Towards Trapping and Coo
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 2.1 Comparison of e
Page 17 and 18: 5.12 Faraday Rotation Signal During
Page 19 and 20: producing a cold sample. Alternativ
Page 21 and 22: place inside a dilution refrigerato
Page 23 and 24: atoms or molecules are slowed using
Page 25 and 26: 2.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases F
Page 27 and 28: Since there will be no heat exchang
Page 29 and 30: Using equation 2.17 to modify equat
Page 31 and 32: Normalized Effusive Beam Flux Norma
Page 33 and 34: general method for producing cold a
Page 35 and 36: The gas throughput of the nozzle ca
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 Slowing Supersonic Beams
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 Using Helium for Atom Optics Ex
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.1: Calculated elastic scat
Page 43 and 44: that they can be prepared ex-situ a
Page 45 and 46: successful. Any water that remains
Page 47 and 48: Skimmer 300 l/s Turbo Pump Even-Lav
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.5: A CAD image of the dete
Page 51 and 52: from tubular aluminum welded togeth
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.7: A CAD image of the roto
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.10: A CAD image of large c
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 3.11: This plot shows the am
Page 59 and 60:
approximations are made in this cal
Page 61 and 62:
3.3.3 Detection An SRS [61] residua
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TTL pulse to the data acquisition c
Page 65 and 66:
A comparison of the time-of-flight
Page 67 and 68:
eceding crystal. Each curve is the
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calculated slow beam velocity is qu
Page 71 and 72:
the RGA does have an effect on the
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 4 The Atomic and Molecular
Page 75 and 76:
field. In the L − S coupling regi
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3 P2 E Figure 4.2: This graph gives
Page 79 and 80:
For intermediate fields, the full p
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 4.4: This figure illustrates
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The same effect is also responsible
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(a) (b) (c) Time Figure 4.5: A pict
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which the particles enter). The oth
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the coil can instead be switched be
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the magnitude of the field some dis
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nozzle front surface aluminum catho
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4.9: A CAD overview of the s
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258V 1MΩ 5V 1mF DC/DC Converter TT
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.12: An oscilloscope trace
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(a) (b) Figure 4.14: A CAD image of
Page 103 and 104:
-HV PS 4 M MCP Anode 10 M 1 M Trans
Page 105 and 106:
Signal [V] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 refe
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 4.20: An exploded view of th
Page 109 and 110:
(a) (b) (c) (e) Figure 4.21: A pict
Page 111 and 112:
258V 1MΩ TTL 2.2mF 50Ω TTL 5V 5V
Page 113 and 114:
closed. With the new thyristor gate
Page 115 and 116:
HeNe M2 M1 BB /2 L BB PC coil PC PD
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Table 4.1: Peak magnetic fields mea
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Figure 4.28: A cut-away CAD image o
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ameters. The coilgun chamber consis
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Table 4.2: Final velocities (vf), s
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MCP Signal [arb. units] 2.0 1.5 (1)
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viability for molecules essential.
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8 Ω LN2 Liquid Nitrogen Dewar Nozz
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 4.33: Molecular oxygen slowi
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 5 Towards Trapping and Cool
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Energy meV 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.0 0.2 0
Page 137 and 138:
10 mm 2.0 T 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8
Page 139 and 140:
250V 1MΩ 3x 2.2mF TTL 5V feedback
Page 141 and 142:
Magnetic Field (T) 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3
Page 143 and 144:
5.2.2.1 Principle of Operation of t
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 5.8: Photograph of the trapp
Page 147 and 148:
4.1.3. In an anti-Helmholtz trap, t
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 5.11: Photograph of the hydr
Page 151 and 152:
Photodiode Signal (V) Time (s) Figu
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 5.13: Time of flight plot of
Page 155 and 156:
500 l/s Turbo Pump Supersonic Nozzl
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Ionizer 500 l/s Turbo Pump Ion Opti
Page 159 and 160:
guided the design of the apparatus.
Page 161 and 162:
Z − Velocity (m/s) 100 60 30 0
Page 163 and 164:
Atom Number 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.6 0
Page 165 and 166:
scattered photon to extract informa
Page 167 and 168:
where k1 · pi = − k2 · pi, wh
Page 169 and 170:
the electron g-factor which causes
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 5.24: A schematic of the tel
Page 173 and 174:
prevent the determination of the is
Page 175 and 176:
(a) (b) time Figure 5.25: A 1D illu
Page 177 and 178:
experiment, where a being is capabl
Page 179 and 180:
potential position 2 x 243 nm Lα |
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix 164
Page 183 and 184:
y x V i Figure A.1: The geometry us
Page 185 and 186:
Bibliography [1] H.J.MetcalfandP.va
Page 187 and 188:
[17] Brian C. Sawyer, Benjamin L. L
Page 189 and 190:
[34] R. Campargue. Progress in over
Page 191 and 192:
[51] O. Carnal, M. Sigel, T. Sleato
Page 193 and 194:
[70] Edvardas Narevicius, Adam Libs
Page 195 and 196:
[87] Willis E. Lamb and Robert C. R
Page 197 and 198:
[96] G.Gabrielse,N.S.Bowden,P.Oxley
Page 199 and 200:
[110] N. Kolachevsky, J. Alnis, S.
Page 201 and 202:
[125] Andreas Osterwalder, Samuel A
Page 203 and 204:
[142] C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, a
Page 205 and 206:
[161] Paulo F. Bedaque, Aurel Bulga
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