Experiments with Supersonic Beams as a Source of Cold Atoms

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4.11 Schematic of the 18 Stage Coil Driver Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.12 Current in 18 Stage Slowing Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.13 Temporal Profile of the Magnetic Field in the 18 Stage Coil . . . . . 83 4.14 CAD Image and Photo of 18 Stage Coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.15 CAD Image of the 18 Stage Coilgun in the Rotor Chamber . . . . . . 85 4.16 Schematic of the MCP Bias Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.17 Photos of the 18 Stage Coilgun and Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.18 Results of Phase Variation in 18 Stage Coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.19 Results of Current Variation in 18 Stage Coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.20 Exploded CAD View of 64 Stage Coilgun Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.21 64 Stage Slower Coil Assembly Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.22 Finite Element Calculation of the 64 Stage Coilgun Magnetic Field . 93 4.23 Schematic of the 64 Stage Coil Driver Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.24 Photographs of the 64 Stage Coil Driver Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.25 Schematic of Faraday Rotation Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.26 Temporal Profile of the Faraday Rotation in a 64 Stage Coilgun Coil 99 4.27 64 Stage Aluminum Coil Support Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.28 Cut-Away CAD Image of the 64 Stage Coilgun and Vacuum Chamber 102 4.29 CAD Image of the 64 Stage Coilgun Vacuum System . . . . . . . . . 103 4.30 Neon Slowing Data from 64 Stage Coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.31 Slowing Flux with Variable vs. Constant Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.32 Schematic of LN2 Boil Off Valve Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.33 Oxygen Slowing Data from 64 Stage Coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.1 Hyperfine Structure of Ground State Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.2 Numerical Calculation of the Magnetic Field in the Hydrogen Coilgun Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.3 Photograph of the Hydrogen Coilgun Coil on the Chamber . . . . . . 121 5.4 Schematic of the Coilgun Coil Switching Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.5 Photograph of the Hydrogen Coilgun Coil Driver Circuit . . . . . . . 123 5.6 Faraday Rotation Measurement of the Magnetic Field in the Hydrogen Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.7 Switching Sequence of the Trapping Coils with Numerical Calculations of the Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.8 Photograph of the Trapping Coils Wound around the Chamber . . . . 128 5.9 Measured On-Axis Magnetic Fields in the Trapping Coils . . . . . . . 129 5.10 Schematic of the Trapping Coil Switching Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.11 Photograph of the Hydrogen Trap Coil Driving Circuit . . . . . . . . 132 xvi
5.12 Faraday Rotation Signal During the Switching of the Front Trapping Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.13 Ratio of D to D2 with and without the discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.14 CAD image of the Hydrogen Valve Chamber and Differential Pumping Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.15 CAD image of the hydrogen coilgun, trap, and respective vacuum chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.16 Photograph of the Assembled Slowing and Trapping Chambers with Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.17 CAD Image of the Detection Chamber with a Quadrupole Mockup . 140 5.18 CAD Image of the Complete Hydrogen Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.19 Simulated Time-of-Flight and Velocity Distribution Profile . . . . . . 143 5.20 Simulated Phase Space Distributions of Trapped Hydrogen . . . . . . 144 5.21 Simulated Time of Flight Profile for Atoms Ejected from the Trap into the Ardara Ionizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.22 Simplified Hydrogen Energy Level Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.23 Schematic of the Original Hydrogen Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5.24 Schematic of the Tellurium Spectroscopy Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.25 Cooling and Compressing Phase Space with a One-Way Wall . . . . . 158 5.26 Scheme for RF-Dressed Single-Photon Cooling of Hydrogen . . . . . . 162 A.1 Geometry Used for Rotor Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 xvii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Adam Alexander Libson
Page 3 and 4: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments First and foremost,
Page 7 and 8: to problems, and I frequently went
Page 9 and 10: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 5. Towards Trapping and Coo
Page 15: List of Figures 2.1 Comparison of e
Page 19 and 20: producing a cold sample. Alternativ
Page 21 and 22: place inside a dilution refrigerato
Page 23 and 24: atoms or molecules are slowed using
Page 25 and 26: 2.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases F
Page 27 and 28: Since there will be no heat exchang
Page 29 and 30: Using equation 2.17 to modify equat
Page 31 and 32: Normalized Effusive Beam Flux Norma
Page 33 and 34: general method for producing cold a
Page 35 and 36: The gas throughput of the nozzle ca
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 Slowing Supersonic Beams
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 Using Helium for Atom Optics Ex
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.1: Calculated elastic scat
Page 43 and 44: that they can be prepared ex-situ a
Page 45 and 46: successful. Any water that remains
Page 47 and 48: Skimmer 300 l/s Turbo Pump Even-Lav
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.5: A CAD image of the dete
Page 51 and 52: from tubular aluminum welded togeth
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.7: A CAD image of the roto
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.10: A CAD image of large c
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.11: This plot shows the am
Page 59 and 60: approximations are made in this cal
Page 61 and 62: 3.3.3 Detection An SRS [61] residua
Page 63 and 64: TTL pulse to the data acquisition c
Page 65 and 66: A comparison of the time-of-flight
Page 67 and 68:
eceding crystal. Each curve is the
Page 69 and 70:
calculated slow beam velocity is qu
Page 71 and 72:
the RGA does have an effect on the
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 4 The Atomic and Molecular
Page 75 and 76:
field. In the L − S coupling regi
Page 77 and 78:
3 P2 E Figure 4.2: This graph gives
Page 79 and 80:
For intermediate fields, the full p
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 4.4: This figure illustrates
Page 83 and 84:
The same effect is also responsible
Page 85 and 86:
(a) (b) (c) Time Figure 4.5: A pict
Page 87 and 88:
which the particles enter). The oth
Page 89 and 90:
the coil can instead be switched be
Page 91 and 92:
the magnitude of the field some dis
Page 93 and 94:
nozzle front surface aluminum catho
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4.9: A CAD overview of the s
Page 97 and 98:
258V 1MΩ 5V 1mF DC/DC Converter TT
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.12: An oscilloscope trace
Page 101 and 102:
(a) (b) Figure 4.14: A CAD image of
Page 103 and 104:
-HV PS 4 M MCP Anode 10 M 1 M Trans
Page 105 and 106:
Signal [V] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 refe
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 4.20: An exploded view of th
Page 109 and 110:
(a) (b) (c) (e) Figure 4.21: A pict
Page 111 and 112:
258V 1MΩ TTL 2.2mF 50Ω TTL 5V 5V
Page 113 and 114:
closed. With the new thyristor gate
Page 115 and 116:
HeNe M2 M1 BB /2 L BB PC coil PC PD
Page 117 and 118:
Table 4.1: Peak magnetic fields mea
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 4.28: A cut-away CAD image o
Page 121 and 122:
ameters. The coilgun chamber consis
Page 123 and 124:
Table 4.2: Final velocities (vf), s
Page 125 and 126:
MCP Signal [arb. units] 2.0 1.5 (1)
Page 127 and 128:
viability for molecules essential.
Page 129 and 130:
8 Ω LN2 Liquid Nitrogen Dewar Nozz
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 4.33: Molecular oxygen slowi
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 5 Towards Trapping and Cool
Page 135 and 136:
Energy meV 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.0 0.2 0
Page 137 and 138:
10 mm 2.0 T 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8
Page 139 and 140:
250V 1MΩ 3x 2.2mF TTL 5V feedback
Page 141 and 142:
Magnetic Field (T) 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3
Page 143 and 144:
5.2.2.1 Principle of Operation of t
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 5.8: Photograph of the trapp
Page 147 and 148:
4.1.3. In an anti-Helmholtz trap, t
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 5.11: Photograph of the hydr
Page 151 and 152:
Photodiode Signal (V) Time (s) Figu
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 5.13: Time of flight plot of
Page 155 and 156:
500 l/s Turbo Pump Supersonic Nozzl
Page 157 and 158:
Ionizer 500 l/s Turbo Pump Ion Opti
Page 159 and 160:
guided the design of the apparatus.
Page 161 and 162:
Z − Velocity (m/s) 100 60 30 0
Page 163 and 164:
Atom Number 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.6 0
Page 165 and 166:
scattered photon to extract informa
Page 167 and 168:
where k1 · pi = − k2 · pi, wh
Page 169 and 170:
the electron g-factor which causes
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 5.24: A schematic of the tel
Page 173 and 174:
prevent the determination of the is
Page 175 and 176:
(a) (b) time Figure 5.25: A 1D illu
Page 177 and 178:
experiment, where a being is capabl
Page 179 and 180:
potential position 2 x 243 nm Lα |
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix 164
Page 183 and 184:
y x V i Figure A.1: The geometry us
Page 185 and 186:
Bibliography [1] H.J.MetcalfandP.va
Page 187 and 188:
[17] Brian C. Sawyer, Benjamin L. L
Page 189 and 190:
[34] R. Campargue. Progress in over
Page 191 and 192:
[51] O. Carnal, M. Sigel, T. Sleato
Page 193 and 194:
[70] Edvardas Narevicius, Adam Libs
Page 195 and 196:
[87] Willis E. Lamb and Robert C. R
Page 197 and 198:
[96] G.Gabrielse,N.S.Bowden,P.Oxley
Page 199 and 200:
[110] N. Kolachevsky, J. Alnis, S.
Page 201 and 202:
[125] Andreas Osterwalder, Samuel A
Page 203 and 204:
[142] C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, a
Page 205 and 206:
[161] Paulo F. Bedaque, Aurel Bulga
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Experiments with Supersonic Beams as a Source of Cold Atoms

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