Experiments with Supersonic Beams as a Source of Cold Atoms

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List of Tables 4.1 Peak Magnetic Fields Measured for Different Lengths of TGG Crystal 100 4.2 Neon Slowing Data Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.3 Oxygen Slowing Data Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 xiv
List of Figures 2.1 Comparison of effusive and supersonic velocity distributions . . . . . 14 2.2 Section view of the Even-Lavie supersonic nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1 Calculated helium elastic scattering fraction from Si(111) . . . . . . . 24 3.2 AFM image of a passivated Si(111) crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3 CAD image of nozzle chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.4 CAD image of rotor chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.5 CAD image of the detection chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.6 CAD image of entire apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.7 CAD image of the rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.8 Finite element calculation of the forces on a spinning rotor . . . . . . 36 3.9 CAD image of the rotor with spindle, feedthrough, and motor . . . . 37 3.10 CAD image of the large crystal holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.11 Measurements of rotor vibration at different rotational speeds . . . . 40 3.12 Finite element calculation of rotor vibrational modes . . . . . . . . . 41 3.13 CAD image of the redesigned spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.14 Rotor triggering and reflection positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.15 Time-of-flight profiles for direct and reflected beams . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.16 Time-of-flight profiles for different rotor speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.17 Plot of slowed beam velocity vs. crystal velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.18 Plot of reflected intensity vs time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.1 Angular momentum coupling in low field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2 Example Zeeman shift for a 3 P2 state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3 Angular momentum coupling in high field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4 Magnetic Field from a Single Loop Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5 Principle of operation of the coilgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.6 Phase Stability From Coil Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.7 Magnetic Field Magnitudes as a Function of Radial Position . . . . . 73 4.8 Images of the Discharge Apparatus and Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.9 CAD Overview of Proof-of-Principle Experiment Coils . . . . . . . . 78 4.10 Finite Element Calculation of Magnetic Field in the 18 Stage Slowing Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 xv
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Adam Alexander Libson
Page 3 and 4: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments First and foremost,
Page 7 and 8: to problems, and I frequently went
Page 9 and 10: General Methods of Controlling Atom
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 13: Chapter 5. Towards Trapping and Coo
Page 17 and 18: 5.12 Faraday Rotation Signal During
Page 19 and 20: producing a cold sample. Alternativ
Page 21 and 22: place inside a dilution refrigerato
Page 23 and 24: atoms or molecules are slowed using
Page 25 and 26: 2.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases F
Page 27 and 28: Since there will be no heat exchang
Page 29 and 30: Using equation 2.17 to modify equat
Page 31 and 32: Normalized Effusive Beam Flux Norma
Page 33 and 34: general method for producing cold a
Page 35 and 36: The gas throughput of the nozzle ca
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 Slowing Supersonic Beams
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 Using Helium for Atom Optics Ex
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.1: Calculated elastic scat
Page 43 and 44: that they can be prepared ex-situ a
Page 45 and 46: successful. Any water that remains
Page 47 and 48: Skimmer 300 l/s Turbo Pump Even-Lav
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.5: A CAD image of the dete
Page 51 and 52: from tubular aluminum welded togeth
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.7: A CAD image of the roto
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.10: A CAD image of large c
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.11: This plot shows the am
Page 59 and 60: approximations are made in this cal
Page 61 and 62: 3.3.3 Detection An SRS [61] residua
Page 63 and 64: TTL pulse to the data acquisition c
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A comparison of the time-of-flight
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eceding crystal. Each curve is the
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calculated slow beam velocity is qu
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the RGA does have an effect on the
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Chapter 4 The Atomic and Molecular
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field. In the L − S coupling regi
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3 P2 E Figure 4.2: This graph gives
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For intermediate fields, the full p
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Figure 4.4: This figure illustrates
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The same effect is also responsible
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(a) (b) (c) Time Figure 4.5: A pict
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which the particles enter). The oth
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the coil can instead be switched be
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the magnitude of the field some dis
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nozzle front surface aluminum catho
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Figure 4.9: A CAD overview of the s
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258V 1MΩ 5V 1mF DC/DC Converter TT
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Figure 4.12: An oscilloscope trace
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(a) (b) Figure 4.14: A CAD image of
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-HV PS 4 M MCP Anode 10 M 1 M Trans
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Signal [V] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 refe
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Figure 4.20: An exploded view of th
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(a) (b) (c) (e) Figure 4.21: A pict
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258V 1MΩ TTL 2.2mF 50Ω TTL 5V 5V
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closed. With the new thyristor gate
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HeNe M2 M1 BB /2 L BB PC coil PC PD
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Table 4.1: Peak magnetic fields mea
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Figure 4.28: A cut-away CAD image o
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ameters. The coilgun chamber consis
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Table 4.2: Final velocities (vf), s
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MCP Signal [arb. units] 2.0 1.5 (1)
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viability for molecules essential.
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8 Ω LN2 Liquid Nitrogen Dewar Nozz
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Figure 4.33: Molecular oxygen slowi
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Chapter 5 Towards Trapping and Cool
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Energy meV 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.0 0.2 0
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10 mm 2.0 T 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8
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250V 1MΩ 3x 2.2mF TTL 5V feedback
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Magnetic Field (T) 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3
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5.2.2.1 Principle of Operation of t
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Figure 5.8: Photograph of the trapp
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4.1.3. In an anti-Helmholtz trap, t
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Figure 5.11: Photograph of the hydr
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Photodiode Signal (V) Time (s) Figu
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Figure 5.13: Time of flight plot of
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500 l/s Turbo Pump Supersonic Nozzl
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Ionizer 500 l/s Turbo Pump Ion Opti
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guided the design of the apparatus.
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Z − Velocity (m/s) 100 60 30 0
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Atom Number 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.6 0
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scattered photon to extract informa
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where k1 · pi = − k2 · pi, wh
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the electron g-factor which causes
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Figure 5.24: A schematic of the tel
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prevent the determination of the is
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(a) (b) time Figure 5.25: A 1D illu
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experiment, where a being is capabl
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potential position 2 x 243 nm Lα |
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Appendix 164
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y x V i Figure A.1: The geometry us
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Bibliography [1] H.J.MetcalfandP.va
Page 187 and 188:
[17] Brian C. Sawyer, Benjamin L. L
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[34] R. Campargue. Progress in over
Page 191 and 192:
[51] O. Carnal, M. Sigel, T. Sleato
Page 193 and 194:
[70] Edvardas Narevicius, Adam Libs
Page 195 and 196:
[87] Willis E. Lamb and Robert C. R
Page 197 and 198:
[96] G.Gabrielse,N.S.Bowden,P.Oxley
Page 199 and 200:
[110] N. Kolachevsky, J. Alnis, S.
Page 201 and 202:
[125] Andreas Osterwalder, Samuel A
Page 203 and 204:
[142] C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, a
Page 205 and 206:
[161] Paulo F. Bedaque, Aurel Bulga
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Experiments with Supersonic Beams as a Source of Cold Atoms

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