Single-Photon Atomic Cooling - Raizen Lab - The University of ...

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her time, and the lab’s students, so much that she decided to return to do her doctoral work. When she did so, she joined me in the Rubidium experiment and helped to conclude much of the work discussed in this dissertation. She has a real eye for detail and a tremendously bright future. I would also like to thank other students in the lab who have made my time here so enjoyable. Hrishi has been in the lab the entire time I have. We both became the senior students on our respective projects around the same time. He has always been extremely friendly and helpful. On several occasions when I did not have a needed piece of equipment and he did, he gladly loaned it to me so that I could precede. Tongcang Li has tremendous physical intuition and is always up for an entertaining discussion on one topic or another. Whenever I was stressed, he always seemed to know how to help me put thing into perspective. Adam Libson is a great experimentalist that I have gotten to know well over the years through countless lunches together. His love of physics will take him far. David Medellin is fantastic with equations and has helped many people in the lab, including myself, by clarifying derivations. Isaac Chavez began as an undergraduate in our lab and made the transition into graduate student. He is an extremely hard worker from whom I expect great things. Tom Mazur is the newest member of our group and, in addition to being a really nice person, has started his graduate studies strong. Of course, when I first joined the group its composition was quite dif- ferent, and I would like to thank those students who I encountered at that time. Todd Meyrath, Chih-Sung Chuu and Florian Schreck comprised the vi
Rubidium group when I first joined. Together, along with Jay Hanssen, they constructed a Rubidium BEC apparatus which would later be converted into the experimental apparatus used by me during the work outlined in this dissertation. Todd designed and constructed most of the electronic control systems and I had the pleasure of working closely with him my first year. He intro- duced me to the electronics controlling our experiment and was an excellent and patient teacher. Florian was the lab postdoc at that time and he wrote the excellent software which we still use to control the experiment. He served as a major force pushing the experiment along at that time. I worked along side Chih-Sung during the time period he performed what would become his doctoral work. I learned a lot by watching his careful experimental technique and methodical parameter-space searches. Kevin Henderson led the sodium experiment at that time and his meticulous attention to detail and order as well as his tremendous work ethic rubbed off on me a little. He always made the lab a more pleasant place with his hilarious stories. Finally I would like to thank individuals outside of the lab who played a very helpful role. Allen Schroeder heads a first rate machine shop full of extremely talented individuals. The hard work they put into constructing many of the apparatus used during the experiment is greatly appreciated. Jack Clifford runs the student shop. He is always friendly and ready to go out of his way to help people accomplish their machining goals. I would like to thank him for further honing my precision machining skills. The Center for Nonlinear Dynamics administrative staff head, Olga Vera, made sure that my vii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Gabriel Noam Price 200
Page 3 and 4: Single-Photon Atomic Cooling by Gab
Page 5: Acknowledgments First, I would like
Page 9 and 10: Single-Photon Atomic Cooling Public
Page 11 and 12: 2.5.2.4 Magneto-Optical Trap . . .
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 87 Rb Physical P
Page 15 and 16: 3.1 Vacuum Chamber . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter
Page 19 and 20: the momentum kicks due to absorptio
Page 21 and 22: samples by allowing for very long i
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.2: The energy level struct
Page 25 and 26: quency regime [19]. This then led t
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.4: Depiction of a simple,
Page 29 and 30: demonstrates the cooling power of a
Page 31 and 32: a) b) c) external potential one-way
Page 33 and 34: worked on by Brillouin [27-29], ide
Page 35 and 36: the atomic ensemble. Not surprising
Page 37 and 38: are untrappable. The SI unit for en
Page 39 and 40: the atomic transition and is called
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Rubidium Rubidium (Rb) is an al
Page 43 and 44: constant which is given by α = e2
Page 45 and 46: only one value of J is possible fro
Page 47 and 48: the latter of which only applies to
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.1: 87 Rb D2 Transition Hyp
Page 51 and 52: Pluging Eq. 2.18 into this Hamilton
Page 53 and 54: Following the same logic leads to a
Page 55 and 56: gF = −1/2 using the approximate e
Page 57 and 58:
mize their energy in high magnetic
Page 59 and 60:
If we now consider the field from t
Page 61 and 62:
where P is in torr. The lifetime of
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component of the dipole oscillation
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maxima. Our experiment makes extens
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atoms its wavefunction Ψ(t) is typ
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In this equation we let H = H0 + Hc
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The significance of Isat is that at
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Δ ω =ω−Δ ω =ω−Δ Δ
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where I/Isat ≪ 1 has been assumed
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λ λ Figure 2.9: The Sisyphus cool
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process repeats. If however, it dec
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σ σ σ Figure 2.10: Geomet
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to vary linearly with position alon
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0, ±1 and ∆mF = 0, ±1, allow ex
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this figure only the relevant hyper
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D2 transition in 87 Rb has a natura
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2.7.2 Saturation Absorption Spectro
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ground state depletion due to the p
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oadened background can be removed f
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where n is the number density of at
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where σ 2 c = σ 2 2 kBTt n + m .
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Chapter 3 Experimental Apparatus Th
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Figure 3.1: The vacuum chamber duri
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Nor-Cal Products Inc. (AMV-1502-CF)
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and monitor the necessary vacuum le
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3.1.3 Lower Chamber The lower chamb
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a) top ridge 1 cm b) metal jacket h
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to the appropriate frequency throug
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plexiglass cover piezo U stack grat
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λ Figure 3
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Voltage a b c d e f Frequency Figur
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eams. For example the MOT and optic
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λ Figure 3.12: The slave lasers
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λ λ λ
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λ λ λ λ
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needed when forming a MOT or optica
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master laser is dithered at 20 kHz.
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λ λ
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Output Power > 10 W Wavelength 532
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labeled 1, 2 and 3 in the Fig. 3.21
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λ λ λ λ
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process. The two coils are arranged
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19) connected in parallel. This arr
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3.4.2 Horizontal Imaging The horizo
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Chapter 4 Single-Photon Atomic Cool
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1 s, after which time ∼ 10 8 87 R
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(a) x z magnetically trapped atoms
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h x z magnetically trapped atoms y
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z y x magnetically trapped atoms cr
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Figure 4.5: The effective potential
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depopulation present and it indicat
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numbers sufficiently large to quant
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μ μ μ
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the potential landscape due to the
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Figure 4.12: The number of atoms lo
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Figure 4.13: Incremental atom captu
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netic trap and transfer into the op
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temperature TB of atoms loaded into
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used to construct it into the remai
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μ μ μ Figure 4.18: Side view of
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 4.20: Geometry of the optica
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could potentially have undergone th
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detunings. The result of scattering
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are switched off causing non-optica
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Figure 4.25: Number (■) and tempe
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traps. If we model the ensembles in
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 4.26: Radius of the atomic c
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atoms were removed from the magneti
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trappable |F = 1,mF = −1〉 state
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the short lived 2p state. Atoms whi
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Bibliography [1] R. Frisch, “Expe
Page 201 and 202:
[15] C. C. Bradley, C. A. Sackett,
Page 203 and 204:
[31] E.T. Jaynes, “Information th
Page 205 and 206:
[49] J. Ye, S. Swartz, P. Jungner,
Page 207 and 208:
[66] J.P. Gordon and A. Ashkin, “
Page 209 and 210:
[85] C.-S. Chuu, Direct Study of Qu
Page 211 and 212:
adicals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 02
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