Single-Photon Atomic Cooling - Raizen Lab - The University of ...

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[22] M. G. Raizen, A. M. Dudarev, Qian Niu, and N. J. Fisch, “Compression of atomic phase space using an asymmetric one-way barrier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 053003 (2005). [23] C. J. Pethick and H. Smith, Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002). [24] J. C. Maxwell, Theory of Heat (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1875), 4th ed. [25] D. V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Thermal Physics (Addison Wesley Longman, New York, 2000). [26] L. Szilard, “On the decrease in entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings,” Z. Physik 53, 840 (1929). [27] L. Brillouin, “Maxwell’s demon cannot operate: Information and entropy. I,” J. Appl. Phys. 22, 334 (1951). [28] L. Brillouin, “Physical entropy and information. II,” J. Appl. Phys. 22, 338 (1951). [29] L. Brillouin, Science and Information Theory (Academic, New York, 1956). [30] C.E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication.” Bell System Tech. J. 27, 379 (1948). 186
[31] E.T. Jaynes, “Information theory and statistical mechanics,” Phys. Rev. 106, 620 (1957). [32] C.H. Bennett, “Notes on the history of reversible computation,” IBM J. Res. Dev. 32, 16 (1988). [33] M.O. Scully, “Extracting work from a single thermal bath via quantum negentropy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 220601 (2001). [34] A. Ruschhaupt, J.G. Muga, and M.G. Raizen, “One-photon atomic cooling with an optical maxwell demon valve,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39, 3833 (2006). [35] S. J. van Enk and G. Nienhuis, “Entropy production and kinetic effects of light,” Phys. Rev. A 46, 1438 (1992). [36] D. Mohl, G. Petrucci, L. Thorndahl, and S. van der Meer, “Physics and technique of stochastic cooling,” Phys. Rep. 58, 73 (1980). [37] S. van der Meer, “Stochastic cooling and the accumulation of antipro- tons,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 689 (1985). [38] H. J. Metcalf and P. van der Straten, Laser Cooling and Trapping (Springer; Corrected edition, New York, 1999). [39] K. Huang, Statistical Mechanics (Wiley; Second edition, U.S.A., 1987). [40] D. R. Lide (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001), 82 nd ed. 187
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Copyright by Gabriel Noam Price 200
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Single-Photon Atomic Cooling by Gab
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Acknowledgments First, I would like
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Rubidium group when I first joined.
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Single-Photon Atomic Cooling Public
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2.5.2.4 Magneto-Optical Trap . . .
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List of Tables 2.1 87 Rb Physical P
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3.1 Vacuum Chamber . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter
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the momentum kicks due to absorptio
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samples by allowing for very long i
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Figure 1.2: The energy level struct
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quency regime [19]. This then led t
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Figure 1.4: Depiction of a simple,
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demonstrates the cooling power of a
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a) b) c) external potential one-way
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worked on by Brillouin [27-29], ide
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the atomic ensemble. Not surprising
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are untrappable. The SI unit for en
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the atomic transition and is called
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2.1 Rubidium Rubidium (Rb) is an al
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constant which is given by α = e2
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only one value of J is possible fro
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the latter of which only applies to
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Figure 2.1: 87 Rb D2 Transition Hyp
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Pluging Eq. 2.18 into this Hamilton
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Following the same logic leads to a
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gF = −1/2 using the approximate e
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mize their energy in high magnetic
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If we now consider the field from t
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where P is in torr. The lifetime of
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component of the dipole oscillation
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maxima. Our experiment makes extens
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atoms its wavefunction Ψ(t) is typ
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In this equation we let H = H0 + Hc
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The significance of Isat is that at
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Δ ω =ω−Δ ω =ω−Δ Δ
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where I/Isat ≪ 1 has been assumed
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λ λ Figure 2.9: The Sisyphus cool
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process repeats. If however, it dec
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σ σ σ Figure 2.10: Geomet
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to vary linearly with position alon
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0, ±1 and ∆mF = 0, ±1, allow ex
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this figure only the relevant hyper
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D2 transition in 87 Rb has a natura
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2.7.2 Saturation Absorption Spectro
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ground state depletion due to the p
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oadened background can be removed f
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where n is the number density of at
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where σ 2 c = σ 2 2 kBTt n + m .
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Chapter 3 Experimental Apparatus Th
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Figure 3.1: The vacuum chamber duri
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Nor-Cal Products Inc. (AMV-1502-CF)
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and monitor the necessary vacuum le
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3.1.3 Lower Chamber The lower chamb
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a) top ridge 1 cm b) metal jacket h
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to the appropriate frequency throug
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plexiglass cover piezo U stack grat
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λ Figure 3
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Voltage a b c d e f Frequency Figur
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eams. For example the MOT and optic
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λ Figure 3.12: The slave lasers
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λ λ λ
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λ λ λ λ
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needed when forming a MOT or optica
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master laser is dithered at 20 kHz.
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λ λ
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Output Power > 10 W Wavelength 532
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labeled 1, 2 and 3 in the Fig. 3.21
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λ λ λ λ
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process. The two coils are arranged
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19) connected in parallel. This arr
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3.4.2 Horizontal Imaging The horizo
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Chapter 4 Single-Photon Atomic Cool
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1 s, after which time ∼ 10 8 87 R
Page 151 and 152: (a) x z magnetically trapped atoms
Page 153 and 154: h x z magnetically trapped atoms y
Page 155 and 156: z y x magnetically trapped atoms cr
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4.5: The effective potential
Page 159 and 160: depopulation present and it indicat
Page 161 and 162: numbers sufficiently large to quant
Page 163 and 164: μ μ μ
Page 165 and 166: the potential landscape due to the
Page 167 and 168: Figure 4.12: The number of atoms lo
Page 169 and 170: Figure 4.13: Incremental atom captu
Page 171 and 172: netic trap and transfer into the op
Page 173 and 174: temperature TB of atoms loaded into
Page 175 and 176: used to construct it into the remai
Page 177 and 178: μ μ μ Figure 4.18: Side view of
Page 179 and 180: Figure 4.20: Geometry of the optica
Page 181 and 182: could potentially have undergone th
Page 183 and 184: detunings. The result of scattering
Page 185 and 186: are switched off causing non-optica
Page 187 and 188: Figure 4.25: Number (■) and tempe
Page 189 and 190: traps. If we model the ensembles in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 4.26: Radius of the atomic c
Page 193 and 194: atoms were removed from the magneti
Page 195 and 196: trappable |F = 1,mF = −1〉 state
Page 197 and 198: the short lived 2p state. Atoms whi
Page 199 and 200: Bibliography [1] R. Frisch, “Expe
Page 201: [15] C. C. Bradley, C. A. Sackett,
Page 205 and 206: [49] J. Ye, S. Swartz, P. Jungner,
Page 207 and 208: [66] J.P. Gordon and A. Ashkin, “
Page 209 and 210: [85] C.-S. Chuu, Direct Study of Qu
Page 211 and 212: adicals,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 02
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