The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions - MISRC ...
The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions - MISRC ...
The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions - MISRC ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
status of drug abusers may be inaccurate, they conclude that increasing access to the<br />
Internet for individuals that belong to high risk categories may increase the likelihood<br />
that more individuals will use the Internet to engage in illegitimate procurement of drugs<br />
from online pharmacies <strong>and</strong> thus increase drug abuse.<br />
3.2.3 Second Order <strong>Digital</strong> <strong>Divide</strong><br />
We turn now to the second order effects regarding the different ways people use<br />
ICT technology [e.g., see Warschauer, 2003]. In an extensive review of the digital divide<br />
l<strong>and</strong>scape, DiMaggio et al. [2004] note that the digital divide can be defined in several<br />
ways depending upon how access <strong>and</strong> differences in usage are defined <strong>and</strong> measured. In<br />
addition to providing some important direction for future research, the authors categorize<br />
a variety of inequalities of usage including the inequality in technical apparatus, the<br />
inequality in autonomy of use, the inequality in skill levels, the inequality in the<br />
availability of social support, <strong>and</strong> a wide variation in usage.<br />
One of the most important aspects of inequality of use has to do with differences<br />
in computer skill levels. Hargittai [2002; 2003] examined the impact of sociological<br />
surroundings on people’s ability to develop critical Web searching skills. <strong>The</strong> data come<br />
from in-person observations <strong>and</strong> interviews with a r<strong>and</strong>om sample of 66 Internet users<br />
conducted during 2001. <strong>The</strong> author used probit models to predict the ability to accurately<br />
<strong>and</strong> quickly complete a variety of assigned online search tasks. Her findings suggest that<br />
age, education level, <strong>and</strong> time spent online are relevant predictors of the user’s Web<br />
searching skills. In addition, she finds that the ability to get time online is hindered by<br />
the presence of children in the home who may be usurping time on the computer away<br />
from adults, particularly women. She concludes that public policies aimed at getting<br />
people online or aimed at providing connections to certain geographic locations may not<br />
be sufficient to bridge the digital divide. In addition, it will be necessary to invest in<br />
training <strong>and</strong> support for those who have gone online.<br />
A major cause of the second-order effect is the way in which people connect to<br />
the Internet. Using 2001 longitudinal survey data of 2,000 U.S. households from the<br />
UCLA Center for Communication Policy Internet Project, Davidson <strong>and</strong> Cotten [2003]<br />
find that significant usage differences exist between broadb<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> dial-up users. Those<br />
18