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Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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Table of Contents<br />

Acknowledgments v<br />

Abstract vii<br />

List of Tables xiii<br />

List of Figures xiv<br />

Chapter 1. Introduction 1<br />

Chapter 2. Cold A<strong>to</strong>mic Gases 3<br />

2.1 87 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

2.2 6 Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

2.3 F<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Hyperf<strong>in</strong>e Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

2.3.1 F<strong>in</strong>e Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

2.3.2 Hyperf<strong>in</strong>e Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

2.4 Branch<strong>in</strong>g Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

2.5 Magnetic Interactions with A<strong>to</strong>ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.5.1 Anomalous <strong>and</strong> Normal Zeeman Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.5.2 Magnetic Feshbach Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

2.6 Interaction of A<strong>to</strong>ms with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />

2.6.1 Near-Resonant Light - Scatter<strong>in</strong>g Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

2.6.2 Far-Detuned Light - AC Stark Shift <strong>and</strong> Optical Dipole Force . . . 17<br />

2.7 Zeeman Slower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />

2.8 Optical Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />

2.9 Magne<strong>to</strong>-Optical Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />

2.10 Evaporative Cool<strong>in</strong>g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

2.11 Degenerate Fermi Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

2.12 Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

2.12.2 <strong>Phase</strong> Modulation Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

2.13 Imag<strong>in</strong>g Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

2.13.1 Absorption Imag<strong>in</strong>g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

2.13.2 Fluorescence Imag<strong>in</strong>g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36<br />

ix

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