Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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of this experiment and reports on the progress towards the creation of neutral lithium Fock states. viii
Table of Contents Acknowledgments v Abstract vii List of Tables xiii List of Figures xiv Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Cold Atomic Gases 3 2.1 87 Rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 6 Lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Fine and Hyperfine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3.1 Fine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Branching Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Magnetic Interactions with Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5.1 Anomalous and Normal Zeeman Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5.2 Magnetic Feshbach Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.6 Interaction of Atoms with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.6.1 Near-Resonant Light - Scattering Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.6.2 Far-Detuned Light - AC Stark Shift and Optical Dipole Force . . . 17 2.7 Zeeman Slower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.8 Optical Molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.9 Magneto-Optical Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.10 Evaporative Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.11 Degenerate Fermi Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.12 Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.12.2 Phase Modulation Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.13 Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.13.1 Absorption Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.13.2 Fluorescence Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ix
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Kirsten Viering 2012
Page 3 and 4: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments First of all, I wou
Page 7: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 7. Lithium Apparatus 92 7.1
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 Physical propert
Page 15 and 16: 4.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: 7.39 Future vertical axis optics .
Page 19 and 20: The development of techniques to la
Page 21 and 22: Ptorr 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 260
Page 23 and 24: Property Symbol Value Reference Ato
Page 25 and 26: 2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure So far th
Page 27 and 28: The Wigner-Eckhart theorem can be u
Page 29 and 30: The total magnetic moment of an ato
Page 31 and 32: interaction. The shift in the energ
Page 33 and 34: (a) (b) scattering length a 0 Energ
Page 35 and 36: a laser field with frequency ω. Th
Page 37 and 38: Here ω0 is the resonance frequency
Page 39 and 40: Optical molasses do not provide a s
Page 41 and 42: J=1 J=0 -1 Δ σ + σ - σ - 0 +1 -
Page 43 and 44: phase-space density is defined as
Page 45 and 46: which maintains a constant η = U/k
Page 47 and 48: 2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectro
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.22: Saturation absorption
Page 51 and 52: Signal 0 Signal (a) (b) Signal Freq
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.24: Absorp
Page 55 and 56: y more complex energy level structu
Page 57 and 58: ight side of the box. An irreversib
Page 59 and 60:
time (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.3: Single
Page 61 and 62:
them to move from B to A, but close
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 4.1: Vacuum chamber. Photogr
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( ( Figure 4.3: Helicoflex seal. (a
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88 mm 4.2.3 Auxiliary Coils 62 mm Q
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5 2 P 3/2 5 2 S 1/2 384. 230 484 46
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distribution of the MOT master lase
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shifts. First a frequency shift of
Page 75 and 76:
transition. However, the laser freq
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4.3.1.4 Upper MOT Horizontal Slave
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provides the beam for the upper MOT
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demon beam λ λ horizontal MOT bea
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scholar, Florian Schreck. It is wri
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Atoms are then optically pumped to
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ferred into the |F = 1,mF = 0〉 or
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5.2 Branching Ratios and Population
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effect of the reflected beam at zer
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y the repulsive trough beams, gaini
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Figure 5.9: Atom number as a functi
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Figure 5.10: Radius of the magnetic
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on the collision rate of atoms insi
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ferred via the single-photon coolin
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By comparison an atomic Fock state
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of atoms in the two hyperfine groun
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difference in the lifetimes is dete
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Chapter 7 Lithium Apparatus Creatin
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angle valve rotary feedthrough ion
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an ion gauge controller (Granville
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viewports (MDC, 450002) are attache
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not trapped by the MOT impinge on t
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Should contamination of the vacuum
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Figure 7.12: The assembled Zeeman s
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7.2.2 MOT Coils A second set of coi
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BGauss 250 200 150 100 50 30 20 10
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are required to create the high mag
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The coils are then checked for shor
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+ B A Figure 7.23: Feshbach coil H-
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ensure that no particulates build u
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118 Figure 7.26: Optical layout of
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The error signal shows three lines,
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into the CO2 laser. The optical lay
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Thorlabs PDA10A Coupler ZDC-10-1 to
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Imaging ber Imaging ber from Imagin
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Table 7.4 summarizes the beam power
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CO2 laser 40 MHz AOM f=2 in f=2 in
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132 Figure 7.38: Optical layout aro
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Feshbach coil objective lenses atom
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MOT beams are no longer traveling a
Page 155 and 156:
The second card (NI6733) offers eig
Page 157 and 158:
Averaging over the magnetic subleve
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2 2 P 3/2 D 2=670.977nm 2 2 S 1/2 m
Page 161 and 162:
The right hand side of equation 7.1
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= E0 1 −n2 √2 exp σ0 ± iE0
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esidual potentials besides gravitat
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Figure 8.1: MOT loading. Typical lo
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A linear ramp typically changes the
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A typical MOT is density-limited at
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ubidium [113-115] and cesium[116].
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that most of the noise is due to th
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(a) (c) y . x z X=0.0mm Z=2.5mm 1)
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 8.11: Different shapes of MO
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ZnSe lens f=5 in knife edge ZnSe wi
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shown in figure 8.13. By matching t
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Figure 8.15: Atom number and temper
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275 Hz. Using these values the beam
Page 189 and 190:
system. Maybe the easiest way to ac
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix A Magic Wavelength of Hydr
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transitions for the excited state p
Page 195 and 196:
Bibliography [1] J.J. Thomson. Cath
Page 197 and 198:
[22] C.J. Foot. Atomic Physics. Oxf
Page 199 and 200:
[46] E.D. Black. An introduction to
Page 201 and 202:
[67] J.L. Hanssen. Controlling Atom
Page 203 and 204:
[88] D.S. Naik, C.G. Peterson, A.G.
Page 205 and 206:
[110] J.W. Goodman. Introduction to
Page 207:
[132] C. Degenhardt, H. Stoehr, U.
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