Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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For Adam
Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank my advisor Mark Raizen. Mark approaches physics with great excitement and his intuition for interesting experiments is exceptional. I am immensely grateful for all the support he provided over the years. It has been a great privilege working in his lab. Experimental research is a collaborative effort, and it has been my pleasure to work with a number of bright and enthusiastic people on a variety of experiments. For the first part of my PhD I worked with Gabriel Price and Travis Bannerman on the rubidium single-photon cooling experiment. Both are very knowledgeable experimental physicists, and it was a great experience working with them. After shutting down the rubidium experiment I joined Hrishikesh Kelkar, Tong- cang Li and David Medellin on the sodium experiment. Hrishi is amazingly friendly and impressively patient. Tongcang is an incredible bright physicist and I am sure that he will come up with many more amazing experiments in the future. My final project in the lab was done in collaboration with David Medellin and Jianyong Mo, who joined the lab just when we started the lithium experiment. David’s knowledge of mathematics and physics theory is very impressive and was invaluable for our work. Jianyong has shown great enthusiasm throughout every single stage of the experiment. Both David and Jianyong are very hardworking and I am confident that they will produce many exciting results with the lithium setup. I would like to thank Adam Libson for all his love and support, inside and outside the lab. I am looking forward to starting the rest of my life with him. I also want to thank all the other students and postdocs who contributed to making this such an enjoyable PhD time. Everybody always seems willing to help one another and the diversity and combination of personalities has made the Raizen lab a great place to work. I therefore thank Ed Narevicius, Charlotte Sanders, Tom Mazur, v
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Kirsten Viering 2012
Page 3: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 7 and 8: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 7. Lithium Apparatus 92 7.1
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 Physical propert
Page 15 and 16: 4.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: 7.39 Future vertical axis optics .
Page 19 and 20: The development of techniques to la
Page 21 and 22: Ptorr 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 260
Page 23 and 24: Property Symbol Value Reference Ato
Page 25 and 26: 2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure So far th
Page 27 and 28: The Wigner-Eckhart theorem can be u
Page 29 and 30: The total magnetic moment of an ato
Page 31 and 32: interaction. The shift in the energ
Page 33 and 34: (a) (b) scattering length a 0 Energ
Page 35 and 36: a laser field with frequency ω. Th
Page 37 and 38: Here ω0 is the resonance frequency
Page 39 and 40: Optical molasses do not provide a s
Page 41 and 42: J=1 J=0 -1 Δ σ + σ - σ - 0 +1 -
Page 43 and 44: phase-space density is defined as
Page 45 and 46: which maintains a constant η = U/k
Page 47 and 48: 2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectro
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.22: Saturation absorption
Page 51 and 52: Signal 0 Signal (a) (b) Signal Freq
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.24: Absorp
Page 55 and 56:
y more complex energy level structu
Page 57 and 58:
ight side of the box. An irreversib
Page 59 and 60:
time (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.3: Single
Page 61 and 62:
them to move from B to A, but close
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 4.1: Vacuum chamber. Photogr
Page 65 and 66:
( ( Figure 4.3: Helicoflex seal. (a
Page 67 and 68:
88 mm 4.2.3 Auxiliary Coils 62 mm Q
Page 69 and 70:
5 2 P 3/2 5 2 S 1/2 384. 230 484 46
Page 71 and 72:
distribution of the MOT master lase
Page 73 and 74:
shifts. First a frequency shift of
Page 75 and 76:
transition. However, the laser freq
Page 77 and 78:
4.3.1.4 Upper MOT Horizontal Slave
Page 79 and 80:
provides the beam for the upper MOT
Page 81 and 82:
demon beam λ λ horizontal MOT bea
Page 83 and 84:
scholar, Florian Schreck. It is wri
Page 85 and 86:
Atoms are then optically pumped to
Page 87 and 88:
ferred into the |F = 1,mF = 0〉 or
Page 89 and 90:
5.2 Branching Ratios and Population
Page 91 and 92:
effect of the reflected beam at zer
Page 93 and 94:
y the repulsive trough beams, gaini
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.9: Atom number as a functi
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 5.10: Radius of the magnetic
Page 99 and 100:
on the collision rate of atoms insi
Page 101 and 102:
ferred via the single-photon coolin
Page 103 and 104:
By comparison an atomic Fock state
Page 105 and 106:
of atoms in the two hyperfine groun
Page 107 and 108:
difference in the lifetimes is dete
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 7 Lithium Apparatus Creatin
Page 111 and 112:
angle valve rotary feedthrough ion
Page 113 and 114:
an ion gauge controller (Granville
Page 115 and 116:
viewports (MDC, 450002) are attache
Page 117 and 118:
not trapped by the MOT impinge on t
Page 119 and 120:
Should contamination of the vacuum
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 7.12: The assembled Zeeman s
Page 123 and 124:
7.2.2 MOT Coils A second set of coi
Page 125 and 126:
BGauss 250 200 150 100 50 30 20 10
Page 127 and 128:
are required to create the high mag
Page 129 and 130:
The coils are then checked for shor
Page 131 and 132:
+ B A Figure 7.23: Feshbach coil H-
Page 133 and 134:
ensure that no particulates build u
Page 135 and 136:
118 Figure 7.26: Optical layout of
Page 137 and 138:
The error signal shows three lines,
Page 139 and 140:
into the CO2 laser. The optical lay
Page 141 and 142:
Thorlabs PDA10A Coupler ZDC-10-1 to
Page 143 and 144:
Imaging ber Imaging ber from Imagin
Page 145 and 146:
Table 7.4 summarizes the beam power
Page 147 and 148:
CO2 laser 40 MHz AOM f=2 in f=2 in
Page 149 and 150:
132 Figure 7.38: Optical layout aro
Page 151 and 152:
Feshbach coil objective lenses atom
Page 153 and 154:
MOT beams are no longer traveling a
Page 155 and 156:
The second card (NI6733) offers eig
Page 157 and 158:
Averaging over the magnetic subleve
Page 159 and 160:
2 2 P 3/2 D 2=670.977nm 2 2 S 1/2 m
Page 161 and 162:
The right hand side of equation 7.1
Page 163 and 164:
= E0 1 −n2 √2 exp σ0 ± iE0
Page 165 and 166:
esidual potentials besides gravitat
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 8.1: MOT loading. Typical lo
Page 169 and 170:
A linear ramp typically changes the
Page 171 and 172:
A typical MOT is density-limited at
Page 173 and 174:
ubidium [113-115] and cesium[116].
Page 175 and 176:
that most of the noise is due to th
Page 177 and 178:
(a) (c) y . x z X=0.0mm Z=2.5mm 1)
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 8.11: Different shapes of MO
Page 181 and 182:
ZnSe lens f=5 in knife edge ZnSe wi
Page 183 and 184:
shown in figure 8.13. By matching t
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 8.15: Atom number and temper
Page 187 and 188:
275 Hz. Using these values the beam
Page 189 and 190:
system. Maybe the easiest way to ac
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix A Magic Wavelength of Hydr
Page 193 and 194:
transitions for the excited state p
Page 195 and 196:
Bibliography [1] J.J. Thomson. Cath
Page 197 and 198:
[22] C.J. Foot. Atomic Physics. Oxf
Page 199 and 200:
[46] E.D. Black. An introduction to
Page 201 and 202:
[67] J.L. Hanssen. Controlling Atom
Page 203 and 204:
[88] D.S. Naik, C.G. Peterson, A.G.
Page 205 and 206:
[110] J.W. Goodman. Introduction to
Page 207:
[132] C. Degenhardt, H. Stoehr, U.
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