Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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[11] C.C. Bradley, C.A. Sackett, J.J. Tollett, and R.G. Hulet. Evidence of Bose- Einstein Condensation in an Atomic Gas with Attractive Interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett., 75:1687, 1995. [12] B. DeMarco and D.S. Jin. Onset of Fermi Degeneracy in a Trapped Atomic Gas. Science, 285:1703, 1999. [13] B. DeMarco, S.B. Papp, and D.S. Jin. Pauli Blocking of Collisions in a Quantum Degenerate Atomic Fermi Gas. Phys. Rev. Lett., 86:5409, 2001. [14] A.G. Truscott, K.E. Strecker, W.I. McAlexander, G.B. Partridge, and R.G. Hulet. Observation of Fermi Pressure in a Gas of Trapped Atoms. Science, 291:2570, 2001. [15] D.R. Lide (Ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 79th edition, 1998. [16] C.B. Alcock, V.P. Itkin, and M.K. Horrigan. Vapor pressure equations for the metallic elements: 298 2500 k. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23:309, 1984. [17] D.A.Steck. Rubidium 87 D line data. steck.us/alkalidata/rubidium87numbers.pdf, September 2010. [18] M.P. Bradley, J.V. Porto, S. Rainville, J.K. Thompson, and D.E. Pritchard. Pen- ning trap measurements of the masses of 133 Cs, 87,85 Rb, and 23 Na with uncertain- ties ≤0.2 ppb. Phys. Rev. Lett., 83:4510, 1999. [19] A.N. Nesmeyanov. Vapour Pressure of the Elements. Academic Press, New York, 1963. [20] M.E. Gehm. Properties of 6 Li. physics.ncsu.edu/ jet/techdocs/pdf/ PropertiesOfLi.pdf, February 2003. [21] I. Mills, T. Cvitas, K. Homann, N. Kallay, and K. Kuchitsu. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1988. 179
[22] C.J. Foot. Atomic Physics. Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. [23] J.J. Sakurai. Modern Quantum Mechanics. Addison Wesley, Reading, 1994. [24] D. Budker, D.F. Kimball, and D. DeMille. Atomic Physics. Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. [25] B.H. Bransden and C.J. Joachain. Physics of Atoms and Molecules. Prentice Hall, Harlow, 2003. [26] A.R. Edmonds. Angular momentum in quantum mechanics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974. [27] A.L. Migdall, J.V. Prodan, W.D. Phillips, T.H. Bergeman, and H.J. Metcalf. First observation of magnetically trapped neutral atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett., 54:2596, 1985. [28] K.M. O’Hara. Optical Trapping and Evaporative Cooling of fermionic atoms. PhD thesis, Duke University, 2000. [29] H. Feshbach. A unified theory of nuclear reactions. Ann. Phys., 5:337, 1958. [30] C. Chin, R. Grimm, P.S. Julienne, and E. Tiesinga. Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases. Rev. Mod. Phys., 82:1225, 2010. [31] A.J. Moerdijk, B.J. Verhaar, and A. Axelsson. Resonances in ultracold collisions of 6 Li, 7 Li, and 23 Na. Phys. Rev. A, 51:4852, 1995. [32] M. Houbiers, H.T.C. Stoof, W.I. McAlexander, and R.G. Hulet. Elastic and inelastic collisions of 6 Li atoms in magnetic and optical traps. Phys. Rev. A, 57:R1497, 1998. [33] M. Bartenstein, A. Altmeyer, S. Riedl, R. Geursen, S. Jochim, C. Chin, J. Hecker Denschlag, R. Grimm, A. Simoni, E. Tiesinga, C.J. and Williams, and P.S. Juli- enne. Precise determination of 6 Li cold collision parameters by radio-frequency spectroscopy on weakly bound molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett., 94:103201, 2005. 180
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Copyright by Kirsten Viering 2012
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Experiments to Control Atom Number
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Acknowledgments First of all, I wou
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Experiments to Control Atom Number
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
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Chapter 7. Lithium Apparatus 92 7.1
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List of Tables 2.1 Physical propert
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4.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . .
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7.39 Future vertical axis optics .
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The development of techniques to la
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Ptorr 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 260
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Property Symbol Value Reference Ato
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2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure So far th
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The Wigner-Eckhart theorem can be u
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The total magnetic moment of an ato
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interaction. The shift in the energ
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(a) (b) scattering length a 0 Energ
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a laser field with frequency ω. Th
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Here ω0 is the resonance frequency
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Optical molasses do not provide a s
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J=1 J=0 -1 Δ σ + σ - σ - 0 +1 -
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phase-space density is defined as
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which maintains a constant η = U/k
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2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectro
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Figure 2.22: Saturation absorption
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Signal 0 Signal (a) (b) Signal Freq
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.24: Absorp
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y more complex energy level structu
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ight side of the box. An irreversib
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time (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.3: Single
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them to move from B to A, but close
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Figure 4.1: Vacuum chamber. Photogr
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( ( Figure 4.3: Helicoflex seal. (a
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88 mm 4.2.3 Auxiliary Coils 62 mm Q
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5 2 P 3/2 5 2 S 1/2 384. 230 484 46
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distribution of the MOT master lase
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shifts. First a frequency shift of
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transition. However, the laser freq
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4.3.1.4 Upper MOT Horizontal Slave
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provides the beam for the upper MOT
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demon beam λ λ horizontal MOT bea
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scholar, Florian Schreck. It is wri
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Atoms are then optically pumped to
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ferred into the |F = 1,mF = 0〉 or
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5.2 Branching Ratios and Population
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effect of the reflected beam at zer
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y the repulsive trough beams, gaini
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Figure 5.9: Atom number as a functi
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Figure 5.10: Radius of the magnetic
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on the collision rate of atoms insi
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ferred via the single-photon coolin
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By comparison an atomic Fock state
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of atoms in the two hyperfine groun
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difference in the lifetimes is dete
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Chapter 7 Lithium Apparatus Creatin
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angle valve rotary feedthrough ion
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an ion gauge controller (Granville
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viewports (MDC, 450002) are attache
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not trapped by the MOT impinge on t
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Should contamination of the vacuum
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Figure 7.12: The assembled Zeeman s
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7.2.2 MOT Coils A second set of coi
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BGauss 250 200 150 100 50 30 20 10
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are required to create the high mag
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The coils are then checked for shor
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+ B A Figure 7.23: Feshbach coil H-
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ensure that no particulates build u
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118 Figure 7.26: Optical layout of
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The error signal shows three lines,
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into the CO2 laser. The optical lay
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Thorlabs PDA10A Coupler ZDC-10-1 to
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Imaging ber Imaging ber from Imagin
Page 145 and 146: Table 7.4 summarizes the beam power
Page 147 and 148: CO2 laser 40 MHz AOM f=2 in f=2 in
Page 149 and 150: 132 Figure 7.38: Optical layout aro
Page 151 and 152: Feshbach coil objective lenses atom
Page 153 and 154: MOT beams are no longer traveling a
Page 155 and 156: The second card (NI6733) offers eig
Page 157 and 158: Averaging over the magnetic subleve
Page 159 and 160: 2 2 P 3/2 D 2=670.977nm 2 2 S 1/2 m
Page 161 and 162: The right hand side of equation 7.1
Page 163 and 164: = E0 1 −n2 √2 exp σ0 ± iE0
Page 165 and 166: esidual potentials besides gravitat
Page 167 and 168: Figure 8.1: MOT loading. Typical lo
Page 169 and 170: A linear ramp typically changes the
Page 171 and 172: A typical MOT is density-limited at
Page 173 and 174: ubidium [113-115] and cesium[116].
Page 175 and 176: that most of the noise is due to th
Page 177 and 178: (a) (c) y . x z X=0.0mm Z=2.5mm 1)
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8.11: Different shapes of MO
Page 181 and 182: ZnSe lens f=5 in knife edge ZnSe wi
Page 183 and 184: shown in figure 8.13. By matching t
Page 185 and 186: Figure 8.15: Atom number and temper
Page 187 and 188: 275 Hz. Using these values the beam
Page 189 and 190: system. Maybe the easiest way to ac
Page 191 and 192: Appendix A Magic Wavelength of Hydr
Page 193 and 194: transitions for the excited state p
Page 195: Bibliography [1] J.J. Thomson. Cath
Page 199 and 200: [46] E.D. Black. An introduction to
Page 201 and 202: [67] J.L. Hanssen. Controlling Atom
Page 203 and 204: [88] D.S. Naik, C.G. Peterson, A.G.
Page 205 and 206: [110] J.W. Goodman. Introduction to
Page 207: [132] C. Degenhardt, H. Stoehr, U.
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