Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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7.2 Oven chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7.3 Lithium oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7.4 Atomic beam shutter and fixed atomic beam block . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7.5 Bellows attached to the differential pumping tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.6 Differential pumping tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.7 Cut flange on the differential pumping tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.8 Octagon assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.9 Reentrant viewport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.10 Science chamber assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.11 Simulation of the Zeeman slower magnetic field profile . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.12 Zeeman slower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.13 Measured Zeeman slower field profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7.14 MOT coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.15 Radial field profile of the MOT coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.16 Axial field profile of the MOT coils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.17 Feshbach coils located inside the reentrant viewport . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.18 Feshbach field along the axial direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.19 Polished surface of the Feshbach coil heatsink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.20 Feshbach coil heat sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.21 Feshbach coil heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.22 MOSFET H-bridge setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.23 Feshbach coil H-bridge circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.24 Water cooling for the MOT and Feshbach coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.25 Water splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.26 Optical layout of the near-resonant laser system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.27 Spectroscopy setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.28 Error signal of FM spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.29 Spectroscopy cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.30 Optical layout of the frequency-offset lock optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.31 Frequency-offset lock electronics for the tapered amplifier master laser . . 124 7.32 Frequency-offset lock electronics for the imaging laser . . . . . . . . . . . 124 7.33 Frequency-offset lock error signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.34 Optical layout of the tapered amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.35 Frequency detunings in the tapered amplifier setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.36 Optical layout of the imaging laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.37 Optical layout for the CO2 laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.38 Optical layout around the spherical octagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 xvi
7.39 Future vertical axis optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.40 Optics along the vertical axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7.41 Photograph of the objective lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.42 Energy level splitting as a function of an external magnetic field . . . . . 141 7.43 Imaging transitions at high magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 7.44 Coordinate systems at high magnetic fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.45 Split-imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.1 MOT loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.2 Dipole trap loading efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.3 MOT temperature as a function of detuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.4 MOT temperature as a function of beam power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.5 MOT size as a function of detuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.6 MOT atom number as a function of time after compression . . . . . . . . 154 8.7 Charge built-up on CCD camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.8 CO2 laser alignment setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.9 Noise spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.10 Alignment of the CO2 laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.11 MOT compression curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.12 CO2 noise measurement setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.13 CO2 laser noise spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 8.14 Free evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.15 Atom number and temperature vs time during forced evaporation . . . . 168 8.16 Temperature vs atom number in forced evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 8.17 Vertical shaking of the dipole trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8.18 Amplitude modulation of the dipole trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 A.1 Polarizability of the 1s and 2s states of hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 xvii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Kirsten Viering 2012
Page 3 and 4: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments First of all, I wou
Page 7 and 8: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 7. Lithium Apparatus 92 7.1
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables 2.1 Physical propert
Page 15: 4.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . .
Page 19 and 20: The development of techniques to la
Page 21 and 22: Ptorr 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 260
Page 23 and 24: Property Symbol Value Reference Ato
Page 25 and 26: 2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure So far th
Page 27 and 28: The Wigner-Eckhart theorem can be u
Page 29 and 30: The total magnetic moment of an ato
Page 31 and 32: interaction. The shift in the energ
Page 33 and 34: (a) (b) scattering length a 0 Energ
Page 35 and 36: a laser field with frequency ω. Th
Page 37 and 38: Here ω0 is the resonance frequency
Page 39 and 40: Optical molasses do not provide a s
Page 41 and 42: J=1 J=0 -1 Δ σ + σ - σ - 0 +1 -
Page 43 and 44: phase-space density is defined as
Page 45 and 46: which maintains a constant η = U/k
Page 47 and 48: 2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectro
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.22: Saturation absorption
Page 51 and 52: Signal 0 Signal (a) (b) Signal Freq
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.24: Absorp
Page 55 and 56: y more complex energy level structu
Page 57 and 58: ight side of the box. An irreversib
Page 59 and 60: time (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.3: Single
Page 61 and 62: them to move from B to A, but close
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4.1: Vacuum chamber. Photogr
Page 65 and 66: ( ( Figure 4.3: Helicoflex seal. (a
Page 67 and 68:
88 mm 4.2.3 Auxiliary Coils 62 mm Q
Page 69 and 70:
5 2 P 3/2 5 2 S 1/2 384. 230 484 46
Page 71 and 72:
distribution of the MOT master lase
Page 73 and 74:
shifts. First a frequency shift of
Page 75 and 76:
transition. However, the laser freq
Page 77 and 78:
4.3.1.4 Upper MOT Horizontal Slave
Page 79 and 80:
provides the beam for the upper MOT
Page 81 and 82:
demon beam λ λ horizontal MOT bea
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scholar, Florian Schreck. It is wri
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Atoms are then optically pumped to
Page 87 and 88:
ferred into the |F = 1,mF = 0〉 or
Page 89 and 90:
5.2 Branching Ratios and Population
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effect of the reflected beam at zer
Page 93 and 94:
y the repulsive trough beams, gaini
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.9: Atom number as a functi
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 5.10: Radius of the magnetic
Page 99 and 100:
on the collision rate of atoms insi
Page 101 and 102:
ferred via the single-photon coolin
Page 103 and 104:
By comparison an atomic Fock state
Page 105 and 106:
of atoms in the two hyperfine groun
Page 107 and 108:
difference in the lifetimes is dete
Page 109 and 110:
Chapter 7 Lithium Apparatus Creatin
Page 111 and 112:
angle valve rotary feedthrough ion
Page 113 and 114:
an ion gauge controller (Granville
Page 115 and 116:
viewports (MDC, 450002) are attache
Page 117 and 118:
not trapped by the MOT impinge on t
Page 119 and 120:
Should contamination of the vacuum
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 7.12: The assembled Zeeman s
Page 123 and 124:
7.2.2 MOT Coils A second set of coi
Page 125 and 126:
BGauss 250 200 150 100 50 30 20 10
Page 127 and 128:
are required to create the high mag
Page 129 and 130:
The coils are then checked for shor
Page 131 and 132:
+ B A Figure 7.23: Feshbach coil H-
Page 133 and 134:
ensure that no particulates build u
Page 135 and 136:
118 Figure 7.26: Optical layout of
Page 137 and 138:
The error signal shows three lines,
Page 139 and 140:
into the CO2 laser. The optical lay
Page 141 and 142:
Thorlabs PDA10A Coupler ZDC-10-1 to
Page 143 and 144:
Imaging ber Imaging ber from Imagin
Page 145 and 146:
Table 7.4 summarizes the beam power
Page 147 and 148:
CO2 laser 40 MHz AOM f=2 in f=2 in
Page 149 and 150:
132 Figure 7.38: Optical layout aro
Page 151 and 152:
Feshbach coil objective lenses atom
Page 153 and 154:
MOT beams are no longer traveling a
Page 155 and 156:
The second card (NI6733) offers eig
Page 157 and 158:
Averaging over the magnetic subleve
Page 159 and 160:
2 2 P 3/2 D 2=670.977nm 2 2 S 1/2 m
Page 161 and 162:
The right hand side of equation 7.1
Page 163 and 164:
= E0 1 −n2 √2 exp σ0 ± iE0
Page 165 and 166:
esidual potentials besides gravitat
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 8.1: MOT loading. Typical lo
Page 169 and 170:
A linear ramp typically changes the
Page 171 and 172:
A typical MOT is density-limited at
Page 173 and 174:
ubidium [113-115] and cesium[116].
Page 175 and 176:
that most of the noise is due to th
Page 177 and 178:
(a) (c) y . x z X=0.0mm Z=2.5mm 1)
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 8.11: Different shapes of MO
Page 181 and 182:
ZnSe lens f=5 in knife edge ZnSe wi
Page 183 and 184:
shown in figure 8.13. By matching t
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 8.15: Atom number and temper
Page 187 and 188:
275 Hz. Using these values the beam
Page 189 and 190:
system. Maybe the easiest way to ac
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix A Magic Wavelength of Hydr
Page 193 and 194:
transitions for the excited state p
Page 195 and 196:
Bibliography [1] J.J. Thomson. Cath
Page 197 and 198:
[22] C.J. Foot. Atomic Physics. Oxf
Page 199 and 200:
[46] E.D. Black. An introduction to
Page 201 and 202:
[67] J.L. Hanssen. Controlling Atom
Page 203 and 204:
[88] D.S. Naik, C.G. Peterson, A.G.
Page 205 and 206:
[110] J.W. Goodman. Introduction to
Page 207:
[132] C. Degenhardt, H. Stoehr, U.
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