Experiments to Control Atom Number and Phase-Space Density in ...

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List of Figures 2.1 Vapor pressure of solid rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Vapor pressure of liquid lithium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Fine structure splitting of 87 Rb and 6 Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Hyperfine structure splitting of 87 Rb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.5 Hyperfine structure splitting of 6 Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.6 Branching ratios in 87 Rb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.7 Angular momentum precession in the anomalous Zeeman regime . . . . . 11 2.8 Anomalous Zeeman shift of the Rb ground states . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.9 Angular momentum precession in the normal Zeeman effect regime . . . 13 2.10 Energy shift of the 6 Li ground state in an external magnetic field . . . . 14 2.11 Two channel model for a Feshbach resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.12 Scattering length and molecular state energy near a magnetic Feshbach resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.13 Zeeman slower setup schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.14 1D optical molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.15 Schematic of a magneto optical trap setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.16 1D magneto optical trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.17 MOT and repump transition in 87 Rb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.18 MOT and repump transition in 6 Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.19 Evaporative cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.20 Saturated absorption spectroscopy setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.21 Saturated absorption spectroscopy spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.22 Saturation absorption spectroscopy setup used for locking the laser frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.23 FM spectroscopy error signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.24 Absorption imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.25 Fluorescence imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1 Periodic table of laser-cooled elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2 One-way wall phase-space compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 Single-photon cooling in a gradient potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4 Maxwell’s demon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.5 Maxwell’s pressure demon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 xiv
4.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.2 Science chamber glass cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.3 Helicoflex seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.4 Magnetic trap coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.5 Magnetic trap center translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.6 Near-resonant laser frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.7 MOT master laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.8 MOT master laser layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.9 MOT master laser spectroscopy setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.10 MOT master error signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.11 Repump laser distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.12 Repump laser saturated absorption spectroscopy setup . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.13 Repump laser error signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.14 Slave laser design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.15 Injection locking setup for the slave lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.16 Upper MOT horizontal slave laser setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.17 Upper MOT diagonal slave laser setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.18 Lower MOT slave laser setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.19 Optical trough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.20 Setup of the far-detuned laser beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5.1 Alignment of the demon beam inside the optical trough . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.2 Implementation of single-photon cooling in rubidium . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.3 Incremental transfer of atoms into the gravito-optical trap . . . . . . . . 71 5.4 Absorption image of atoms in the optical trough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.5 Effect of the demon beam detuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.6 Ratio of excitation of the demon beam vs. excitation in the magnetic trap 74 5.7 Atom number and temperature as a function of demon beam height . . . 75 5.8 Atom number as a function of trap depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.9 Atom number as a function of end cap separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.10 Radius of the magnetic trap as a function of temperature . . . . . . . . . 80 5.11 Transfer efficiency of the single photon cooling process . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.12 Rethermalization of the remaining atoms in the magnetic trap . . . . . . 81 6.1 Trapping potentials used to calculate the fidelity of laser culling in 6 Li . . 89 6.2 Fidelity of laser culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7.1 Vacuum chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 xv
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Kirsten Viering 2012
Page 3 and 4: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments First of all, I wou
Page 7 and 8: Experiments to Control Atom Number
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents Acknowledgments v
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 7. Lithium Apparatus 92 7.1
Page 13: List of Tables 2.1 Physical propert
Page 17 and 18: 7.39 Future vertical axis optics .
Page 19 and 20: The development of techniques to la
Page 21 and 22: Ptorr 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 260
Page 23 and 24: Property Symbol Value Reference Ato
Page 25 and 26: 2.3.2 Hyperfine Structure So far th
Page 27 and 28: The Wigner-Eckhart theorem can be u
Page 29 and 30: The total magnetic moment of an ato
Page 31 and 32: interaction. The shift in the energ
Page 33 and 34: (a) (b) scattering length a 0 Energ
Page 35 and 36: a laser field with frequency ω. Th
Page 37 and 38: Here ω0 is the resonance frequency
Page 39 and 40: Optical molasses do not provide a s
Page 41 and 42: J=1 J=0 -1 Δ σ + σ - σ - 0 +1 -
Page 43 and 44: phase-space density is defined as
Page 45 and 46: which maintains a constant η = U/k
Page 47 and 48: 2.12.1 Saturated Absorption Spectro
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.22: Saturation absorption
Page 51 and 52: Signal 0 Signal (a) (b) Signal Freq
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.24: Absorp
Page 55 and 56: y more complex energy level structu
Page 57 and 58: ight side of the box. An irreversib
Page 59 and 60: time (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.3: Single
Page 61 and 62: them to move from B to A, but close
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4.1: Vacuum chamber. Photogr
Page 65 and 66:
( ( Figure 4.3: Helicoflex seal. (a
Page 67 and 68:
88 mm 4.2.3 Auxiliary Coils 62 mm Q
Page 69 and 70:
5 2 P 3/2 5 2 S 1/2 384. 230 484 46
Page 71 and 72:
distribution of the MOT master lase
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shifts. First a frequency shift of
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transition. However, the laser freq
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4.3.1.4 Upper MOT Horizontal Slave
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provides the beam for the upper MOT
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demon beam λ λ horizontal MOT bea
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scholar, Florian Schreck. It is wri
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Atoms are then optically pumped to
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ferred into the |F = 1,mF = 0〉 or
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5.2 Branching Ratios and Population
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effect of the reflected beam at zer
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y the repulsive trough beams, gaini
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Figure 5.9: Atom number as a functi
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Figure 5.10: Radius of the magnetic
Page 99 and 100:
on the collision rate of atoms insi
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ferred via the single-photon coolin
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By comparison an atomic Fock state
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of atoms in the two hyperfine groun
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difference in the lifetimes is dete
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Chapter 7 Lithium Apparatus Creatin
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angle valve rotary feedthrough ion
Page 113 and 114:
an ion gauge controller (Granville
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viewports (MDC, 450002) are attache
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not trapped by the MOT impinge on t
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Should contamination of the vacuum
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Figure 7.12: The assembled Zeeman s
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7.2.2 MOT Coils A second set of coi
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BGauss 250 200 150 100 50 30 20 10
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are required to create the high mag
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The coils are then checked for shor
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+ B A Figure 7.23: Feshbach coil H-
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ensure that no particulates build u
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118 Figure 7.26: Optical layout of
Page 137 and 138:
The error signal shows three lines,
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into the CO2 laser. The optical lay
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Thorlabs PDA10A Coupler ZDC-10-1 to
Page 143 and 144:
Imaging ber Imaging ber from Imagin
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Table 7.4 summarizes the beam power
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CO2 laser 40 MHz AOM f=2 in f=2 in
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132 Figure 7.38: Optical layout aro
Page 151 and 152:
Feshbach coil objective lenses atom
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MOT beams are no longer traveling a
Page 155 and 156:
The second card (NI6733) offers eig
Page 157 and 158:
Averaging over the magnetic subleve
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2 2 P 3/2 D 2=670.977nm 2 2 S 1/2 m
Page 161 and 162:
The right hand side of equation 7.1
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= E0 1 −n2 √2 exp σ0 ± iE0
Page 165 and 166:
esidual potentials besides gravitat
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Figure 8.1: MOT loading. Typical lo
Page 169 and 170:
A linear ramp typically changes the
Page 171 and 172:
A typical MOT is density-limited at
Page 173 and 174:
ubidium [113-115] and cesium[116].
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that most of the noise is due to th
Page 177 and 178:
(a) (c) y . x z X=0.0mm Z=2.5mm 1)
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 8.11: Different shapes of MO
Page 181 and 182:
ZnSe lens f=5 in knife edge ZnSe wi
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shown in figure 8.13. By matching t
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 8.15: Atom number and temper
Page 187 and 188:
275 Hz. Using these values the beam
Page 189 and 190:
system. Maybe the easiest way to ac
Page 191 and 192:
Appendix A Magic Wavelength of Hydr
Page 193 and 194:
transitions for the excited state p
Page 195 and 196:
Bibliography [1] J.J. Thomson. Cath
Page 197 and 198:
[22] C.J. Foot. Atomic Physics. Oxf
Page 199 and 200:
[46] E.D. Black. An introduction to
Page 201 and 202:
[67] J.L. Hanssen. Controlling Atom
Page 203 and 204:
[88] D.S. Naik, C.G. Peterson, A.G.
Page 205 and 206:
[110] J.W. Goodman. Introduction to
Page 207:
[132] C. Degenhardt, H. Stoehr, U.
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