Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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Planting Maize in Association with Forage Soybean for Silage Production on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica II. Several indicators of silage quality Carlos Jiménez, Luis Pineda, Bernardo León, and Alejandro Montenegro UCR, Costa Rica The incorporation of a legume into the crop when making silage improves the quality of the end product. Also, the sale of part of the baby corn in maize fields could reduce production costs. On Costa Rica’s North Pacific coast, cattle owners have very sound dual-purpose dairy farms but face problems to feed cows during the dry season. Under these conditions, the use of good-quality silage—for example, maize plus forage soybean—would allow these farmers to maintain milk production during this season. The study was carried out at the Alfredo Volio Mata dairy cattle experiment station and the School of Zootechny of the University of Costa Rica, and complements previous studies. It aims to evaluate the quality of silage made from maize grown in association with soybean. Materials and Methods Microsilos made of double polyethylene plastic bags, with approximately 3-kg capacity, were prepared with recently harvested maize and forage soybean in different proportions (Table 1). As in the previous study, the following maize forage conditions were considered: (a) removal of 50% of the baby corn (at mid-flowering); (2) removal of 50% of mature maize (tender grain); and (3) removal of nothing. Maize was harvested one week after tender grain was harvested and soybean when it reached phenological state R6 (seed formed and beginning to fill). 40
Table 1. Treatments evaluated for making maize + forage soybean silage (Pacific Coast, Costa Rica). Treatment Maize:soybean ratio Condition of forage T1 1:1 No removal of ears T2 1:1 Removal of 50% tender maize T3 1:1 Removal of 50% baby corn T4 2:1 No removal of ears T5 2:1 Removal of 50% tender maize T6 2:1 Removal of 50% baby corn T7 3:1 No removal of ears T8 3:1 Removal of 50% tender maize T9 3:1 Removal of 50% baby corn The microsilos were left open after 70 days fermentation and pH and organoleptic characteristics (odor and color) were assessed according to the following scale: Organoleptic Scores and properties of silage characteristics 1 = Poor 2 = Intermediate 3 = Good Odor Butyric (rancid) Degraded amino acids or N sub-products (spoiled) Color Dark brown Black Moldy 41 Acetic Alcoholic Light brown Yellowish Lactic Slightly acetic or alcoholic with lactic essence Original green Light green Part of each sample was oven-dried at 60 °C and a subsample was frozen to later analyze ammonium nitrogen (Nam). Laboratory tests were conducted to determine: (1) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) contents; (2) Nam; and (c) rate of rumen degradability of dry matter (D). Treatments were organized in a completely randomized design with three replicates.
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Int
Page 3 and 4: Holmann, Federico and Lascano, Carl
Page 5 and 6: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 7 and 8: At the CIAT-Quilichao station (Depa
Page 9 and 10: In collaboration with Nicaragua’s
Page 11 and 12: (Continued) Component Activity Outs
Page 13 and 14: Activity 2.1. On-farm evaluation of
Page 15 and 16: FINAL REPORT OF THE TROPILECHE CONS
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH RESULTS Component 1: Optim
Page 19 and 20: during the rainy season, samplings
Page 21 and 22: Ncidence (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 23 and 24: Table 3. Effect of three types of p
Page 25 and 26: References Cipagauta, M.; Velasquez
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Effect of incorporating St
Page 29 and 30: Evaluation of Milk Production Syste
Page 31 and 32: Table 2. Quality of milk produced b
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. Effect of level and freque
Page 35 and 36: Effects of Feeding Fresh and Ensile
Page 37 and 38: Table 1. Daily intake of dry matter
Page 39 and 40: argentea (taking into account cutti
Page 41 and 42: Evaluation of Cratylia argentea as
Page 43 and 44: A 3 x 3 Latin square changeover des
Page 45 and 46: argentea is recommended over the us
Page 47 and 48: The silos were left to ferment for
Page 49 and 50: References Argel, P. J. and Lascano
Page 51 and 52: y the Grain and Seed Research Cente
Page 53: Table 2. Yields per hectare in diff
Page 57 and 58: Table 3. Dry matter and crude prote
Page 59 and 60: Activity 1.3 Functional relationshi
Page 61 and 62: increase in milk yield when offered
Page 63 and 64: Milk Production in Dual-Purpose Cow
Page 65 and 66: associated pasture. Also, the perce
Page 67 and 68: that of cows grazing sole cropped p
Page 69 and 70: Effect of Age of Regrowth and Cutti
Page 71 and 72: Average DM yields/plant at 60 days
Page 73 and 74: Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 F
Page 75 and 76: Effect of Supplementing Fresh and E
Page 77 and 78: Table 1. Average milk production, t
Page 79 and 80: Lucas, H. L. 1983. Design and analy
Page 81 and 82: U = overall mean Tj = effect of the
Page 83 and 84: In the case of king grass, estimate
Page 85 and 86: Milk production during the season o
Page 87 and 88: Jorge Vela IIAP, Peru Use of Stylos
Page 89 and 90: Use of Stylosanthes guianensis with
Page 91 and 92: Activity 2.3. Integration of inform
Page 93 and 94: Application of the Model to Researc
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Actual and predicted milk
Page 97 and 98: Usefulness of the CNCPS Model The T
Page 99 and 100: Annual Meeting February 1998, Costa
Page 101 and 102: Regional Consultation Meeting Octob
Page 103 and 104: Ex-Ante Analysis of New Forage Alte
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Resource prices and capital investm
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Table 3. Direct production costs, g
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Production costs decreased as produ
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Ex-ante analysis for Nicaragua. The
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Real interest (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10
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With this alternative, the milk pro
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Early Adoption of Arachis pintoi in
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Table 2. Change in area of improved
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Table 5. Profitability of Arachis p
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with a dry season between May and A
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From 21% to 73% of the farmers grew
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Research Recommendations Based on r
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Materials and Methods Data for this
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Prices of Inputs/Outputs and Use of
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Table 3. Amount of feed supplements
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adoption level requires the lowest
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Table 6. Use of a simulation model
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The production cost/kg milk was low
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level of adoption can be regarded a
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income was lower or equal to 6 mont
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Table 10. Annual seed requirements
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Nicaragua. In addition, this level
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Analysis of the Milk Market of Smal
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Results and Discussion Collection o
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Table 2. Characteristics of milk an
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The third need identified in Hondur
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artisan cheese factories milk with
Page 159 and 160:
Tropileche Newsletter Federico Holm
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Tropileche on Internet Anderson Med
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Production of Brochures for Extensi
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with heavy soils and frequent rains
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systems, its use by ruminants can b
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Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 26110: Cu
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growing this cultivar in Costa Rica
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Technical bulletins Argel, P. J. an
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International Seminars Argel, P. J.
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LIST OF PROJECT PROPOSALS DEVELOPED
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Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar

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