Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
Feeding Systems with Legumes to Intensify Dairy Farms - cgiar
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
y the Grain and Seed Research Center of the University of Costa Rica and<br />
successfully tested in the region, were planted. Maize was planted at a rate<br />
of 6 seeds/m of furrow and soybean at 15 seeds/m of furrow. In both cases,<br />
distance between furrows was 0.80 m. Main plots consisted of furrows of<br />
each crop as follows: (1) associated (1:1); (2) intercropped (4:4); and (3)<br />
monoculture. A split-split plot design was used in which subplots consisted<br />
of three forms of crop harvesting before silaging: (1) removal of 50% of the<br />
baby corn (at mid-flowering); (2) removal of 50% of mature maize (tender<br />
grain); and (3) removal of nothing. Experiment variables consisted of<br />
planting method and percentage of removal at harvest of mature maize or<br />
baby corn. Each treatment was replicated three times.<br />
Maize was planted in association <strong>to</strong> improve CP content of the final<br />
product. Modifications at harvest were included <strong>to</strong> estimate the economic<br />
impact of selling part of the agricultural harvest and the capacity <strong>to</strong> recover<br />
either partially or <strong>to</strong>tally the high investment made in the crop and silaging<br />
process.<br />
The yields of baby corn, mature maize or tender grain, and forage of<br />
each crop were determined as well as the detailed costs of maize cultivation<br />
and silage making.<br />
Results and Discussion<br />
Table 1 details the costs per hectare for planting, maintenance, harvest,<br />
and silage making, assuming equal areas of each associated crop. Table 2<br />
summarizes crop yields for all treatments, forage being expressed in both<br />
fresh and dry basis.<br />
The average sale of baby corn was 7,533 units/ha, at US$0.02 each,<br />
<strong>to</strong>taling US$150.66. If costs of growing maize and making silage are<br />
deducted from the harvest of baby corn, their sale only recovers 37.5% of<br />
<strong>to</strong>tal costs/ha. In the case of mature maize, the average harvest was 7,312<br />
units at US$ 0.0425/unit, representing a <strong>to</strong>tal income of US$310.76, which<br />
covered 77.4% of the costs.<br />
The average yield in terms of maize ears per plant was less than 1,<br />
which is much lower than that expected, significantly affecting results. With<br />
acceptable plant density (from 4 <strong>to</strong> 5 plants/m of furrow) and <strong>with</strong> 1 ear or<br />
more per plant, 50% of baby corn or mature maize can be harvested, which<br />
would represent from 25,000 <strong>to</strong> 30,000 units/ha.<br />
The maize produced approximately 30 t fresh forage/ha and soybean,<br />
11 t/ha, which are equivalent <strong>to</strong> 10.5 and 3.5 t DM/ha. In the case of maize,<br />
optimal yields are between 40 and 45 t/ha. These yields can be improved by<br />
applying a more balanced fertilization and by correcting the poor drainage in<br />
37