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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 109 3-5 />tm. Paraphyses numerosae, ramosae et anastomosantes, c. 1-1-5 jxm latae, apicibus vix incrassatis. Hypothecium hyalinum. Excipulum bene evolutum et manifestum praesertim in apotheciis junioribus. Conidiomata pycnidiiformia et sporodochiiformia. Pycnidia pauca et inconspicua, ± immersa, alba, c. 40-60 /xm diam, producentia conidiis cylindricis 4-5-3x 1-2-1-5 ^tm. Sporodochia plerumque numerosa et conspicua, alba, pulvinata, 20-250 jxm diam, producentia conidiis cylindricis vel oblongo-ellipsoideis 6-5-9-5X 2-3-3 ^tm. Thallus et apothecia, K— , C— , PD-; sine materia chemica. Typus: Caledonia, Argyll, Dunoon, Benmore, ad River Eachaig, ad corticem Alni, 18 xi 1977, leg. B. J. Coppins 3256 (E-holotypus). Thallus effuse, thin, ± smooth or finely scurfy-granular, pale grey-green, rather waxy in appearance; white, arachnoid, prothalline hyphae sometimes visible (x50). Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 jxm diam. Apothecia usually numerous but occasionally few or absent, pallid to pale straw-brown or pale reddish brown; at first ± plane, adnate, ± immarginate but often with a white rim, c. 30-50 /am wide, from which a few white, arachnoid hyphae are sometimes seen to arise and penetrate into the thallus; later becoming convex although remaining adnate and never becoming constricted below; dispersed, or often confluent, and frequently coalescing to form large, irregular, waxy, nodulose clusters; individual apothecia 0-2-0-4(-0-6) mm diam, clusters up to 2 mm broad. Hymenium 35-40 /xm tall, hyaHne or dilute straw-yellow, K-. Asci clavate, 30-35x10-12 /xm. Spores ellipsoid, ovoid, oblong-ellipsoid, oblong-ovoid or oblong, often slightly constricted at the septum, (0-)l -septate, 9-16x3-5 fxm. Paraphyses numerous, branched and anastomosing, c. 1-1-5 fjLm wide and scarcely widening above; apices much branched and entangled. Hypothecium c. 40-120 /xm tall, hyaline; hyphae hyaline, c. 1-2 ^tm wide, interwoven but becoming ± vertically orientated towards the hymenium, intermixed with short-celled ascogenous hyphae that are up to 5 /xm wide. Excipulum well developed and clearly seen in young apothecia, c. 30-35 /xm wide; hyphae radiating, branched and anastomozing, c. 1-2-5 /xm wide. Conidiomata of two types, one pycnidial, the other sporodochial. Pycnidia sometimes present but then usually few in number and inconspicuous, white, immersed, c. 40-60 ^im diam; conidiogenous cells ± cylindrical, 6-10x1-1-5 /xm; conidia (mesoconidia) cylindrical, sometimes faintly biguttulate, 4—5-3xl-2-l-5 /xm. Sporodochia usually present, numerous and conspicuous, resembling small apothecia, white or pallid, pulvinate, 80-250 /xm diam; conidiogenous cells cylindrical, 10-20x1-7-2 fxm; conidia (macroconidia) cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid or occasionally oblong-obovoid, simple, eguttulate, 6-5-9-5x2-3-3 fxm. Chemistry: Thallus and apothecia K— , C— , PD-; no substances detected by t.l.c. Observations: Micarea adnata is easily recognised by the combination of a pale grey-green, ± waxy thallus, pale, adnate to clustered apothecia and, above all, by the presence of sporodochia. These cushion-like conidiomata, which resemble small apothecia, produce conidia externally over their surface; such structures are unknown in any other Micarea, and appear not to have been previously reported for lichenised fungi. The rather large, non-septate, oblong conidia produced by the sporodochia are probably homologous to the curved or filiform and often septate macroconidia of such species as M. cinerea, M. denigrata, and M. peliocarpa. Some specimens of M. adnata have a few pycnidia with typical mesoconidia, but microconidia have not yet been found. It is curious that this most distinctive species had not previously been afforded taxonomic recognition, although it was well known by Arnold who erroneously referred it to Biatorina prasiniza, a synonym of M. prasina. It is with forms of M. prasina with pallid apothecia that M. adnata is most likely to be confused. However, the former has a non-waxy, granular thallus composed of goniocysts, apothecia which soon become constricted below, usually smaller spores and an apparent absence of macroconidia. M. prasina is sometimes found to have pycnidia containing mesoconidia similar to those of M. adnata, but more frequently it has pycnidia containing microconidia. In addition, well developed specimens oiM. prasina have one of three distinctive substances detectable by t.l.c, whereas M. adnata contains no lichen substances. M. anterior is similar to M. adnata in being lignicolous with pale apothecia and spores that are mainly 1-septate; however, its apothecia are usually darker, varying from a pale
110 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS reddish or orange-brown to red-brown, with spores that are relatively narrower and ± fusiform, and a reddish brown excipulum. Furthermore, M. anterior has its mesoconidia borne in reddish brown, stalked pycnidia. Habitat and distribution: M. adnata is usually found on old stumps and associated decaying bryophyte mats and peaty debris; the Ugnum of such stumps is usually soft and riddled with holes bored by insects. In addition, it is found on the loose bark of trunks of old trees, including ^/nwj^, Betula, Corylus, Quercus, Abies, and Pinus. It usually occurs in extensive patches with few associated lichens, but amongst those noted are Cladonia spp. (including C. coniocraea and C. squamosa), Micarea prasina, Parmelia laevigata, and Platismatia glauca. Most collections are from old, ± natural deciduous or coniferous woodlands, but in western Scotland it is found also in old estate woodlands (possibly created from former ± natural woodland) containing many exotic trees. The distribution of M. adnata in Britain is centred on western Scotland, with a few outlying localities in Cumbria and north Wales. It is so far unrecorded for south-west England or western Ireland, and it should be sought for in the old oak-woods of those regions. Its distribution coincides with an annual rainfall of over 1000 mm per year, distributed over at least 160 rain days, and is attributable to the General Western group of Coppins (1976). Similarly, many of its localities on mainland Europe are in regions with a high annual precipitation (over 1000 mm per year), viz. southern Bavaria, Austria (Steiermark), and Switzerland (Bern). However, there are a few specimens from lower rainfall districts, namely, middle and northern Bavaria, and eastern Sweden (Sodermanland), perhaps in situations where local topographical or vegetational features provide a microclimate sufficient to compensate for the low rainfall. If the distribution of M. adnata is largely controlled by microclimatic conditions, usually resulting from a high rainfall, then it should be expected to extend to Norway, at least the south-western part of that country. Exsiccata: Arnold Lich. Mon. 244 (BM ex K, M). Britzelmayer Lich. Exs. 174 (M). 2. Micarea alabastrites (Nyl.) Coppins (Figs 2, 6, 8; Map 2) in Topham & Walker in Lichenologist 14: 66 (1982). - Lecidea alabastrites Nyl. in Flora, Jena 62: 207 (1879). - Bilimbia sphaeroides var. alabastrites (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Monogr. Br. Lich. 2: 138 (1911). Type: Ireland, West Galway, Derryclare, near Kylemore, on bryophytes on bark, 1878, C. Larbalestier (H-NYL 18656-hoIotype!; BM-isotype!). Thallus effuse, sometimes partly immersed in the substratum (especially when on lignum), but usually well developed on the surface of the substratum as crowded, confluent, ± convex-hemispherical to subglobose areolae. Areolae dull whitish, greenish white, or pale dull green, matt or slightly glossy, c. 40-140 /x,m diam, or up to 250 ^im if containing a pycnidium of the macroconidial anamorph. Areolae in section, ecorticate but with a hyaline amorphous covering layer c. 4-10 jxm thick. Apothecia usually numerous and crowded, sometimes confluent and coalescing in groups of up to eight apothecia, adnate, plane to shallow-convex or convex-hemispherical, occasionally tuberculate, large, shallow-convex apothecia sometimes flexuose, often with an indistinct, slightly paler margin that is flush with the level of the disc, whitish, cream-white, ivory-white or pallid, 0-2-0-7 mm diam, or up to 0-9 mm diam when tuberculate. Hymenium 45-55 yam tall, hyaline, or dilute straw in upper part. Asci clavate, 42-50x12-16 /xm. Spores fusiform or clavate-fusiform, sometimes slightly curved, 3(-5)-septate, occasional 7-septate spores encountered, (16-)18-26(-29)x(4-)4-5-5(-6) jxm. Paraphyses numerous, branched, often anastomosing, c. 1-1-5 /xm wide; apices often more richly branched and entangled, often slightly incrassate to T8 /xm. Hypothecium c. 45-100 /am tafl; hyphae interwoven, c. 1-T7 /xm; ascogenous hyphae with swollen cells c. 2-4 /xm wide. Excipulum well developed (laterally c. 45 /x wide in young apothecia), hyaline, of richly branched and anastomosing, radiating hyphae, c. 1-T5 /xm wide.
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. 18 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 11. M.denig
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20 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Micarea The g
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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24 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS (ii) Goniocys
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26 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS A B Fig. 2 'M
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30 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 5 Sketch
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32 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 6 Ascus
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34 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 8 M. ala
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36 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 10 A, M.
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38 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 12 A,M.
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40 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS r\ U Fig. 14
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42 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 16 M. in
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44 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 18 M. le
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46 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 20 A-B,
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48 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 22 M. me
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50 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 24 A, M.
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52 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 26 M. pr
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54 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS VJ Fig. 28 A,
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56 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 30 M. su
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE Tabl
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 161
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32. Micarea osloensis (Th. Fr.) Hed
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34. Micarea prasina Fr. LICHEN GENU
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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