Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 95 The identification (and subsequent annotation and cataloguing) of a single specimen of Micarea (which more often than not is fragmentary or in poor condition) can be very time consuming, and often involves lengthy microscopical examination. The unfortunate consequence of this is that I have not been able to examine a large number of potentially available specimens from several major institutional and private herbaria. Despite the above problems and shortcomings, I have tentatively attempted below to assign the species of Micarea to some general distributional types. In most cases I have paid little attention to purely literature sources of records because I have found that many such reports, even those by lichenologists whose works I hold in the highest esteem, can be unreliable in respect of current species concepts. A. Eu-Atlantic - mainly confined to oceanic areas including west Norway, the British Isles, western France, and Macaroenesia. M. alabastrites M. stipitata M. nigella M. subnigrata M. olivacea tM. subviolascens *M. prasina (with 'unknown C) M. synotheoides *M. pycnidiophora *with southern tendency twith affinity to group G B. Sub-Atlantic - as above, but also present in high rainfall (annual rainfall of >800 mm) areas of central Europe (Alps, Carpathians, etc.). M. adnata M. lignaria var. endoleuca M. cinerea C. Boreal - mainly confined to Fennoscandia, but absent or rare from west Norway. M. anterior M. melanobola M. contexta M. muhrii M. eximia M. osloensis M. melaeniza M. rhabdogena D. Boreal-continental - present in Fennoscandia and central Europe, but rare or absent from west Norway and western Britain. M. elachista M. lithinella M. hedlundii *M. melaenida *but known from western France E. Continental - known only from central Europe. M. curvata F. Montane (arctic-alpine) - at high altitudes in montane regions of Britain and central Europe, but sometimes at low altitudes in Fennoscandia. M. assimilata M. subleprosula M. crassipes M. turfosa M. incrassata G. Arctic - mainly confined to within the Arctic Circle, but possibly extending southwards along the Atlantic coast. M. ternaria H. Widely Distributed - known from British Isles, Fennoscandia, central Europe, and often elsewhere. More records will probably reveal distinct phytogeographical tendencies for some of the species included here. M. bauschiana M. melaena M. botryoides tM. misella M. denigrata M. myriocarpa XM. globulosella M. nitschkeana M. intrusa XM. peliocarpa M. leprosula *M. prasina M. lignaria var. lignaria M. sylvicola M. lutulata *races containing 'prasina unknowns A and B' twith possible affinity to group D twith possible affinity to group B M. tuberculata
96 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS World The present study is confined to species of Micarea that occur in Europe. However, some extra-European specimens have been examined in connection with nomenclatural matters, and others have been examined incidentally. According to current information the genus is best represented in Europe, but this may, or may not, be true. Micarea is well represented in North America from where I have seen 12 species (all European taxa: M. crassipes, M. denigrata, M. globulosella, M. lignaria s. sir., M. melaena, M. misella, M. nitschkeana, M. peliocarpa, M. prasina, M. sylvicola, M. ternaria, and M. turfosa); this list will undoubtedly be much extended in the near future. From other regions I have seen (but not necessarily critically examined) specimens of Micarea from Japan, Borneo, Tasmania, New Zealand, South Africa, South America (Brazil), and the Antilles (Cuba). It is likely that species of Micarea are to be found in most temperate and boreal regions, as well as in many tropical regions (especially mountainous areas). The numerous collections that I have received from New Zealand include several undescribed taxa but they also include at least one European species, Micarea peliocarpa. Three additional European species known from the southern hemisphere are M. incrassata (Ker- guelen), M. lignaria (Brazil), and M. misella (Brazil). Micarea Fr. The genus Micarea Syst. orb.: 256 (1825). - Micarea Fr. emend Hedl. in Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Ill, 18(3): 27 (1892). Lectotype: Micarea prasina Fr. (see note below). Helocarpon Th. Fr., Lich. arctoi: 178 (1860); Nova Acta R. Soc. Sclent. Upsal. Ill, 3: 278 (1861). Type species: Helocarpon crassipes Th. Fr. [= Micarea crassipes (Th. Fr.) Coppins]. Stereocauliscum Nyl. in Flora, Jena 48: 211 (1865). Type species: Stereocauliscum gomphillaceum Nyl. [= Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl.] Micarea sect. Bryophagae Poelt & Dobbeler in Bot. Jb. 96: 337 (1975). Type species: Micarea polytrichi Poelt & Dobbeler [= Micarea prasina Fr.]. Note. The name Micarea was first validly published in December 1825 by Fries {op. cit.), although it was twice mentioned by the same author earlier in the same year. In Sched. crit. lich. siiec. part 3, fasc. 4, page 21 (pre 7 May) it appeared in a note under the entry for Biatorafuliginea. However, it was not accepted in that work, and must therefore be considered invalid according to Art. 34.1. The second appearance was in Stirp. agri. femsion. page 37 (June 1825) in the form of the combinations 'Micarea fuliginea and 'M. nigra'. Neither of these was accompanied by a description and the generic name was again invalidly published (Arts 32, 34.1(e)). When validly published, Micarea was introduced with four species: M. prasina, M. coccinea, M. fuliginea, and M. nigra. Korber (1855) emended the genus to include only M. prasina and is thereby considered to have lectotypified the genus on that species. See 'Excluded taxa' for notes on the remaining three original names. Thallus crustose or immersed in the substratum, effuse and often wide-spreading, never bordered by delimiting hypothalline lines. Superficial thallus consisting of ± spherical granules (goniocysts) up to c. 60 ±m diam; or convex to subglobose areolae which in some species may dissolve into soredia: or more rarely present as a thin ± smooth to rmose, or scurfy-granular crust. Thallus in section ecorticate (or weakly corticate in a few species), but sometimes (when areolate) covered by a hyaline amorphous layer, and outermost hyphae sometimes pigmented. Phycobiont 'grass-green'; cells usually thin-walled and c. 4-7 pm ('micareoid'), or more rarely larger ('non-micareoid' phycobiont types); a few species also have cephalodia containing Nostoc ox Stigonema. Apothecia small (mostly < 1 mm diam) , whitish or variously coloured (mostly grey , dull brown or blackish), epruinose, usually immarginate or ± so, adnate, sessile or rarely stipitate, convex to ± globose and often becoming tuberculate. Hymenium with amyloid gel-matrix. Asci clavate or cylindrical-clavate, of Lecanora-type, 8-spored. Spores hyaline, smooth-walled, variously shaped (ellipsoid, ovoid, fusiform, or acicular), usually less than 6 pm wide, simple to multiseptate but never muriform. Paraphyses few to numerous, septate, mostly branched (especially above), often anastomosing, mostly in range of 0-7-T7 pm wide at mid-hymenium;
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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