Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 89 The principal habitats (I-XI) in which Micarea spp. are found are given below; each is provided with a list of the species which can be expected to occur in it (allowing for climatic and phytogeographical variations). Species given in square brackets [ ] are rarely and unusually found in the given habitat, and those prefixed with a dagger (t) are not known in this habitat from the British Isles. I. Sheltered, dry underhangs, usually in valley woodland or narrow ravines, including dry undersides of up-ended tree root systems in woodland; growing on rock, loose stones, consolidated soil, and exposed roots. M. bauschiana M. myriocarpa M. botryoides M. sylvicola M. lignaria M. tuberculata M. lutulata II. Exposed parts of sheltered rocks, usually in woodland; more frequently wetted than I; growing directly on rock. M. botryoides M. sylvicola tM. curvata [M. cinerea] M. lignaria s. lat. [M. denigrataj M. lithinella '\IM. muhrii] M. melaena [M. nitschkeana]^ M. olivacea [M. prasina] M. peliocarpa a, stones amongst Calluna in heathland. III. Over bryophytes on rocks, boulders, old stumps, or fallen trees in woodland at low altitudes (500 m in the British Isles). M. adnata M. lignaria s. lat. M. botryoides M. melaena M. cinerea M. peliocarpa M. leprosula M. prasina [M. stipitata] IV. Exposed, hard siliceous rocks; growing directly on rock. M. intrusa tM. subviolascens M. lignaria M. aff . ternaria^ M. subnigrata b, coastal districts only. V. Over bryophytes or peaty debris on exposed turf or on, or amongst, rocks and boulders in open situations in upland, montane, or 'arctic' districts. M. assimilata M. peliocarpa tM. crassipes M. subleprosula M. incrassata tM. ternaria M. leprosula M. turfosa M. lignaria s. lat. [M. cinerea] M. melaena VI. Over bryophytes or plant debris on the ground in old dunes, disused lead and zinc mines, sea-cliffs, or by woodland tracks. M. botryoides M. prasina M. leprosula [M. denigrataj M. lignaria s. str. flM. misella] M. peliocarpa VII. On bare mineral soil at low altitudes. tM. melaenida [M. lignaria] tM. osloensis [M. prasina] [M. leprosula] VIII. Corticate trunks of healthy trees; usually in woodland; sometimes overgrowing bryophytes (*). *M. alabastrites *M. pycnidiophora *M. cinerea *M. stipitata
90 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS fM. elachista *M. synotheoides tM. globulosella [M. botryoides] M. melaena [M. denigrata] tM. melanobola [M. leprosula] *M. peliocarpa [M. lignaria] *M. prasina [M. nitschkeana] IX. On attached twigs of trees or large shrubs, or thin stems of small shrubs; in woodland, heathland, or scrub. tM. cinerea M. peliocarpa M. lignaria s. str. M. prasina M. nitschkeana [M. denigrata] X. On timber (i.e. worked wood), e.g. fencing, garden furniture, old window frames, and shingles. M. cinerea M. nitschkeana M. denigrata M. peliocarpa tM. elachista [M. globulosella] M. lignaria s. str. [M. leprosula] M. melaena [M. sylvicola] M. misella XI. Directly on lignum of old stumps and decorticate trunks. M. adnata M. misella M. alabastrites tM. muhrii tM. anterior M. nigella M. cinerea M. nitschkeana tM. contexta M. olivacea M. denigrata M. peliocarpa tM. elachista M. prasina tM. eximia tM. rhabdogena tM. hedlundii /M. botryoides] M. lignaria s. lat. [M. leprosula] M. melaena [M. myriocarpa] tM. melaeniza [M. synotheoides] From the above lists it will be seen that several species (e.g. M. lignaria, M. melaena, M. peliocarpa, and M. prasina) inhabit a very wide range of habitats and substrate. At the other extreme there are many species which are much more restricted e.g. M. tuberculata (I), M. subnigrata (IV), M. assimilata (V), M. melaenida (VIII), M. pycnidiophora (VIII), and M. anterior, M. contexta, M. eximia, and M. melaeniza (XI). In most of the communities in which they occur Micarea species are usually of minor importance with regard to cover values. However, there are some exceptions such as the Micareetum sylvicolae association of underhangs and exposed tree root-system (see below), the community dominated by M. prasina on trunks in dense conifer plantations, some lignicolous assemblages on fallen trunks, old stumps, and worked wood. Micarea nitschkeana on Calluna twigs and litter in some lowland heaths, M. melaena on sandy or peaty soil in some heathlands and moorlands, and M. lignaria on the ground in some old lead mine workings. Specific habitats Deciduous (broad-leaved) woodland In Britain the genus JWicarea is best represented in terms of number of species per site in the mature, ± natural woodland (both deciduous and coniferous) on acid soils, in areas with a high annual rainfall (at least 1000 mm distributed over at least 160 'wet days'; see Coppins, 1976). The best examples of 'Mcarefl-rich' deciduous (broad-leaved) woodlands are found in Wales, the English Lake District and the west of Scotland north of the Clyde Estuary. The Micarea species found in them on trees and stumps are included in lists III, VII, and XI above, except that M. misella, M. nigella, and M. olivacea are primarily species of coniferous woodlands. The occurrence of Micarea spp. on bark (or over bryophytes thereon) is favoured by leaching, and is further favoured, to the detriment of more basicolous lichens, by the effects of 'acid rain'
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. 18 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 11. M.denig
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20 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Micarea The g
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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24 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS (ii) Goniocys
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26 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS A B Fig. 2 'M
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28 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 3 00
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30 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 5 Sketch
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32 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 6 Ascus
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34 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 8 M. ala
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36 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Fig. 10 A, M.
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE Tabl
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32. Micarea osloensis (Th. Fr.) Hed
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34. Micarea prasina Fr. LICHEN GENU
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conferanda (Lecidea) 205 confusula
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populina (Lecidea, Micarea) 31,32 p
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