Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 201 excipular hyphae are conglutinated, broad (c. 2-2-5 /u,m in K), and pachydermatous. It is closely allied to Bacidia subrudecta (Vainio) Zahlbr. and may have affinities with Byssoloma, but I think it is best retained in Bacidia s. lat. pending further study. The material distributed by Kalb {Lich. Neotrop. Exs. ^2) as 'Micarea nigrata' is M. lignaria var. lignaria. Psilolechia clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins, comb. nov. - Lecidea clavulifera Nyl. in Flora, Jena 52: 294 (1869). - Micarea clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins & P. James, in D. Hawksw. , P. James & Coppins in Lichenologist 12: 107 (1980). Type: Finland, Lapponia kemensis, Muonionska [Muonio], Keimioniemi, ad radicem abietis, 1867, J. P. Norrlin 627 (H - lectotype!; isolectotypes: H!, H-NYL 20855!). Lecidea clavulifera f. subviridicans Nyl. in Flora, Jena 60: 463 (1877). Type: Ireland, West Galway, Connemara, Kylemore, in a cave on the NW side of Doughraugh mountain, 1876, C. Larbalestier (BMlectotype! Isolectotypes: BM ex K!; also distributed as Larbal. Lich. Herb. 29: BM!, H!). Thallus effuse, whitish or greenish white, of dispersed to coalescing, irregular granular-areolae c. Fig. 57 Psilolechia clavulifera (Coppins 3614, E). A, spores. B, paraphyses. C, phycobiont cells (cell contents and mycobiont hyphae omitted). Scale = 10 /xm.
202 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS 0-1-0-2 mm diam. Areolae often disintegrating to form a scurfy-granular crust. Phycobiont not micareoid; cells in clusters and tightly bound by short-celled hyphae, but haustoria not observed; clusters interconnected by filamentous hyphae c. 1-5-2 ju.m wide. Phycobiont cells irregularly globose, broadly ellipsoid or oblong, c. 5-12(-18)x3-8 />tm, often arranged in pairs or in short chains of up to four cells (Figs. 57C). Apothecia convex-hemispherical and immarginate from the beginning, sometimes becoming subglo- bose, more rarely tuberculate, grey-black with bluish tinge, but shade forms sometimes whitish, blue-grey or grey-brown, 0-l-0-3(-0-4) mm diam; base of apothecia with a white rim (c. 50 /xm wide) of outwardly radiating hyphae. Hymenium 28-35 /xm tall, dilute straw (shade forms), or dilute greenish or aeruginose (K-l- green intensifying) especially in the upper part. Asci cylindrical-clavate, 25-30x5-7 /im, 8-spored. Spores ovoid, oblong-ovoid or dacryoid, simple, 3-6x(l-)l-2-l-7(-2) /xm (Fig. 57A). Paraphyses (Fig. 57B) numerous, usually branched, sometimes anastomosing, distinctly septate and appearing ± articu- lated, stout, 1-3-2 /Ltm wide; apices sometimes ± clavate and up to 3 jxm wide, walls not pigmented but often surrounded by deeply pigmented gel matrix. Hypothecium c. 50-70 /tim tall, hyaline, or dilute greenish or aeruginose (K— , HNO3-I- red) but then never darker than the hymenium. Excipulum indistinct, of radiating hyphae that protrude as loose, hyaline hyphae c. 1-5-2 /xm wide and up to 50 /x,m long. Pycnidia not found. Chemistry: All parts K- , KC- , C- , PD- ; no substances detected by t.l.c. Preliminary studies of Lecidea clavulifera by Mr P. W. James and myself led us to transfer it to Micarea. However, critical studies have given me second thoughts on this placement. The distinct white rim of protruding excipular hyphae (superficially like those of Byssoloma spp.), stout and distinctly septate paraphyses, and the unusual phycobiont are all uncharacteristic of a Micarea. The consideration of Psilolechia Massal. as an alternative genus for L. clavulifera was prompted by observations of a lichenicolous member of the CaHciales, Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex Massal.) Tibell; M. arenarium is usually found as a parasite of Psilolechia lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy (see Tibell, 1978), but at three localities in Scotland I have found it on L. clavulifera. At the Berwickshire locality the host and parasite occurred in abundance on roots, stones, and soil of two up-ended trees (Fraxinus); P. lucida was also present in quantity but was not parasitized by M. arenarium. With the exception of pigmentation, sections of the ascocarps of P. lucida and L. clavulifera show ± identical anatomical features, e.g. nature of paraphyses, size and shape of asci and spores, and excipulum with numerous protruding hyphae. P. lucida differs from P. clavulifera in the yellow-green colour of its leprose-granular thallus and apothecia (due to presence of pulvinic acid derivatives), and a different phycobiont with ± globose cells 5-14 /xm diam. The thallus hyphae of both species are identical in appearance, and pycnidia are not known in either species. A recent account of P. lucida is given by James (in Poelt & Vezda, 1981). The phycobiont of P. clavulifera is very unusual; it is reminiscent of the Stichococcus phycobiont of species such as Chaenotheca stemonea and Coniocybe furfuracea, but its cells are much larger. P. clavulifera occurs in communities of the Micareetum sylvicolae, on roots, stones, and consolidated soil of underhangs on banks or the root systems of up-ended trees. Most British records are from Scotland, but it is also known from Cumbria, south Wales and western Ireland (Map 28). From outside Britain I have seen material of it from Finland, Germany, and Czechoslovakia (see below). Additional specimens of P. clavulifera examined: British Isles. Brecon (V.C.42). 22/94: Upper Dyfnant Valley, 1982, Woods (hb Woods). Cumberland (V.C.70). 35/54: Baron Wood, by River Eden, 60-75 m dry sandstone cliff, 1979, Coppins 4344 (E). Berwick (V.C.81). 36/76: W of Elba, S side of Whiteadder Water, exposed roots of up-ended Fraxinus, 1981, Coppins 8890 (E - Microcalicium arenarium folder). West Perth (V.C.87). 27/40: Aberfoyle, the Trossachs, on stone amongst roots of up-ended tree, 1978, Coppins3661 (E). Mid Perth (V.C. 88). 27/55: Black Wood of Rannoch, stone in bank by track, 1976, Coppins 4654 (E); 27/81: Crieff, Drummond Wood, roots and sandstone of up-ended tree, partly parasited by Microcalicium arenarium, 1978, Coppins 3164, 3625 (E). Angus (V.C. 90). 37/33: Sidlaw Hills, Auchterhouse Hill, 396 m, underside of boulder, 1975, Coppins 846 (E - Microcalicium arenarium folder). South Ebudes (V.C. 102). 16/49: Colonsay, Coille Mhor, roots and soil of up-ended Betula, 1981, Coppins 8878 (E). Mid Ebudes (V.C. 103). Mull: 17/32: Bunessan, Ardfenaig Woods, 1970, James (BM); 17/54: Salen, 1968, James (BM); 17/55; Aros House, roots of up-ended tree, 1968, James (BM). West Galway (V.C.H.16). 84/72 (L/65): Connemara, near Clifden, 1878, Larbalestier (BM). Finland. Satakunta: Siikainen, Vuorijarvi, Vaasaneva, sandy soil amongst roots of Picea, 1936, Laurila (GZU, H). W. Germany. Baden-Wiirttemberg: Heidelberg, Konigstuhle, on sandstone, 1883, Zwackh (H-NYL p.m. 4229). Czechoslovakia. Slovakia, Nizke Tatry, Liptovska Teplicka, Dzurova, 18 -, Lojka 4289 (BM).
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22 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Morphology Th
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 95 T
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Infrageneric considerations LICHEN
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