Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 181 James) Vezda and 5". schadeanum (Erichsen) Vezda, but those species have narrower spores which are spiralled in the ascus and non-micareoid phycobionts (? Trebouxia); moreover, S. pruinosum has a granular epithecium (granules dissolving in K). Furthermore, these species have inconspicuous (? unknown) pycnidia, and do not contain gyrophoric acid. For illustrations of conidia and conidiogenous cells, and for further discussions, see Coppins & James (1979). Habitat and distribution: M. pycnidiophora is a species of old woodlands, in damp, sheltered, and rather shaded situations. It is generally found on areas of ± smooth-bark on the boles of old trees, especially Fagus and Ilex, but also Alnus, Quercus, and Rhododendron. Although characteristic of acid bark it has not yet been recorded on conifers. Its known centre of distribution is the New Forest of Hampshire in southern England, where it is locally frequent. Its other British localities are Sheffield Park in Sussex (on Rhododendron with Gyalideopsis anastomosans) and the Limb Valley, Yorkshire (its most northerly locality; at base of Fraxinus). The latter site is an ancient oak-wood just outside the large industrial city of Sheffield, but M. pycnidiophora occurs in an extremely sheltered situation, where it presumably avoids the effects of the high levels of air pollution prevalent in that area. M. pycnidiophora is little known outside of Britain, but is reported from Bretagne, France (Coppins, 1971, as 'Bacidia sp. 2') and the Canary Islands. 36. Micarea rhabdogena (Norman) Hedl. (Fig. 29A) in Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Ill, 18 (3): 75, 85 (1892). - Biatora (Lecidea) rhabdogena Norman in Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Fork. 11: 803 (1870). - Lecidea rhabdogena (Norman) Th. Fr., Lich. Scand. 2: 473 (1874). Type: Norway, Nordland, Maalselven, Skjeggenaes, J. M. Norman (O - lectotype!; isolectotypes: BM!, O!, S!). Lecidea glomerellaf. ecrustacea Nyl. ex Vainio in Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. fenn. 57 (2): 457 (1934). - Lecidea glomerella f. ecrustacea Nyl. in Elfving in Medd. Soc. Fauna Fl. fenn. 2: 168 (1878); nom. nudum (Art. 32). Type: USSR, Karelskaya ASSR, Karelia olonetsensis, Gorki near Svir, F. Elfving (H-NYL 19120- holotype!). Thallus inapparent, endoxylic; hyphal walls often olivaceous, K+ violet. Phycobiont probably micareoid, cells c. 5-7 ixm diam. Apothecia numerous, immarginate, convex-hemispherical or tuberculate, black, matt, 0-1- 0-3 mm diam, or up to 0-4 mm diam when tuberculate. Hymenium 23-30 /xm tall; upper part (epithecium) fuscous-brown, HNO3— , K- but pigment dissolving and fading into solution; remaining (lower) part dilute yellowish brown; hymenium sometimes tinged violet in K (evident after brown pigment has dissolved). Asci clavate, 19-28x7-9 /am. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, ovoid-oblong or bacilliform, simple or rarely a few 1-septate, 6-9xl-5-2-3 /am. Paraphyses numerous, hyaline throughout, c. 1 /xm wide in mid-hymenium but often widening above to T5 /am; sparingly branched and sometimes anastomosing, but becoming richly branched above where their entangled apices, together with the brown pigment, form a ± well delimited epithecium. Hypothecium c. 70-160 /am tall, pale, dilute yellowish brown, K— , HNO3— Excipulum reflexed, dilute to dark fuscous-brown, K— but partly dissolving into solution; hyphae radiating, branched and anastomosing, c. 0-7-OT /am wide, sometimes widening to 1-5 /am towards the outer edge. Pycnidia of two types: (a) partly immersed to ± sessile, black, matt, 40-80 /am diam; wall olivaceous, K-l- violet; conidia (mesoconidia) oblong-ellipsoid, oblong-ovate or obovate, c. 3-5-4-7X1-4—T8 /am; (b) immersed between surface wood fibres, black, c. 4 /am diam; wall olivaceous, K-l- violet; conidia (microconidia) narrowly cylindrical, 4-4-5 xO-7-0-9 /am. Chemistry: Sections of apothecia C— ; material insufficient for analysis by t.l.c. Observations: M. rhabdogena resembles M. elachista in apothecial pigmentation and anatomy, but differs in its endoxylic thallus, smaller and mostly simple spores, and smaller, matt black pycnidia. M. rhabdogena is similar in appearance and spore characteristics to M. misella. .
182 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS but the latter has an oHvaceous, K+ violet hymenium (fuscous pigment lacking) and its mesoconidia are borne in stalked pycnidia. Diminutive, endoxylic forms of M. denigrata can be distinguished by the absence of a distinct (fuscous) epithecium, hymenium reacting K+ violet, C+ violet (due to olivaceous pigment) and, usually, C+ orange-red (gyrophoric acid). The mesoconidial states of M. denigrata and M. rhabdogena are very similar, but M. denigrata has longer (4-5-7-5 /xm) microconidia, and sometimes has curved macroconidia; macroconidia are apparently not produced by M. rhabdogena or the related M. elachista. Habitat and distribution: M. rhabdogena appears to be a rare or much overlooked, exclusively lignicolous species, known so far only from north Norway, mid-Sweden and Karelia. All collections are on rather hard conifer lignum, and associated species include Calicium trabinellum, Cetraria pinastri, Mycocalicium subtile, Parmeliopsis ambigua, P. hyperopia, Xylographa abietina, andX vitiligo. Exsiccata: Malme Lick. Suec. 20 (M, S). 37. Micarea stipitata Coppins & P. James (Fig. 29B;Map21) in Lichenologist 11: 156 (1979). Type: Scotland, Argyll, Loch Creran, Glasdrum National Nature Reserve, on Betula, 27 v 1976, L. Tibell & Coppins 2357 (E - holotype!; isotypes: BM!, H!, UPS, hb Poeh!,hbVezda!). Thallus and apothecia: more or less identical in appearance and internal anatomy to those of M. pycnidiophora (q.v.). Pycnidia always present numerous and conspicuous, borne on distinct whitish stalks (pycnidiophores) which may be simple, bifurcate or to 5-branched, mainly 400-800 /xm tall and 60-100(-150) fxm diam, often with small irregular clusters of ± superficially encapsulated algae (small granular-areolae). Stalk tissue composed of interwoven hyphae, c. 1-1-5 /xm wide, which ± separate in K. Pycnidia innate in the apex or apices of pycnidiophores, ± globose or doliiform, c. 60-90 fxm diam. Conidiogenous cells ± cylindrical, 7-11x1-4-2 /xm. Conidia (mesoconidia) cylindrical or narrowly ellipsoid, eguttulate, 6-8x1-1-8 fxm. Chemistry: All parts K- , C- , KC- , PD- ; no substances detected by t. I.e. Observations: See under the related species M. pycnidiophora for the differences between them and for comparisons with other similar species. Habitat and distribution: M. stipitata is characteristic of acid, often leached, bark (or overgrowing bryophytes thereon) on trees in undisturbed woodlands in areas with a high rainfall. It occurs in communities referable (or closely akin) to the Parmelietum laevigatae on the trunks of Betula, Quercus, and, less frequently, Alnus, Pinus, Abies, and Pseudotsuga. It has once been found on mossy rocks. The British distribution of M. stipitata is a distinctly more northern and western, as well as more oceanic, than that of M. pycnidiophora (see Map 21). It has not yet been found in south-west England but presumably occurs there. Although known from the Azores and the Canary Islands it has not been found elsewhere in Europe, but should be looked for in the hyperoceanic woodlands of, for example, south-west Norway and France (Bretagne). Additional information: for additional illustrations and some further discussion see Coppins & James (1979). 38. Micarea subleprosula (Vezda) Vezda (Figs 30, 53-54; Map 25) in Vezda & V. Wirth in Folia geobot. phytotax, Praha 11: 101 (1976). - Bacidia subleprosula Vezda in Preslia 33: 366 (1961). Type: Czechoslovakia, Bohemia, Sudety, Krkonose, Mumlava valley near Harrachov, 900 m, over decaying mosses on granitic rocks, 1960, A. Vezda (E - isotype! [t.l.c: alectorialicacid]). ^
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Infrageneric considerations LICHEN
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