Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 179 Species associated with M. prasina on the hgnum of fallen trunks and large stumps in the British Isles include Bryoria fuscescens, Chaenotheca ferruginea, Chaenothecopsis spp., Cladonia chlorophaea agg., C. macilenta, C. ochrochlora, Hypocenomyce scalaris, Hypogymnia physodes, Lecanactis abietina, Lecidea aeruginosa, L. icmalea, Micarea adnata, M. melaena, and Platismatia glauca. In coastal districts M. prasina is often found on plant debris, soil or moribund bryophytes in rock crevices or on ledges in sheltered gullies, and sometimes it occurs on the ground growing over plant debris or old Armeria tussocks, etc. Such habitats are usually sheltered and (or) with a north- to east-facing aspect. Associated lichens are few, but include Cladonia spp., Lecidea granulosa, L. icmalea, and Lepraria incana agg. Finds ofM. prasina growing directly on rock are very rare, but I have seen a few collections made from sandstone rocks in woodlands (from east Sussex and north-east Yorkshire). M. prasina is still to be found close to the centres of large conurbations and cities (e.g. Bristol, Edinburgh, London, and the West Yorkshire conurbation), and its persistence is probably due more to its ability to avoid, rather than tolerate, the direct effects of air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and its derivatives. It naturally favours substrata with a low pH and is able to grow in very sheltered and shaded situations where more light demanding pollution resistant species (especially Lecanora conizaeoides) are at a competitive disadvantage. M. prasina s. ampl. is widely distributed in the British Isles and much of Europe. In Scandinavia it occurs northwards to at least c. 67°N. It may be rare in districts adjoining the Mediterranean Sea, but those areas are mostly poorly known lichenologically, and I have seen one collection from Toscana (northern Italy). M. prasina is present in Macaronesia (Azores and Canary Islands) and I have seen collections of it from several states in the U.S.A. (Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Wisconsin). In addition I have seen several collections from South America and Australisia which come close to M. prasina, but these require more critical study and will be treated in a later publication. Exsiccata. Containing 'prasina unknown A': Arnold Lich. Exs. 1122, 1472 (BM ex K, M). Korber Lich Sel. Germ. 250 (L). Lojka Lich. Univ. 29 (BM ex K, M), 30 (BM ex K). Malme Lich. Suec. 23 (M, S) Rabenh. Lich. Eur. 676 (BM, BM ex K, M, WRSL). Rasanen Lich. Fenn. 651 (BM, BM ex K, M), 652 (BM, BM ex K). Vezda Lich. Sel. 90 (BM, M), 1467 (BM). Zwackh. Lich. Exs. 593A (H-NYL 21601) Containing 'prasina unknown B': Arnold Lich. Exs. 280C (BM, GZU, M, WRSL). Cumm. Dec. N. Am Lich. I. 355 (BM, WIS). Hepp Flecht. Eur. 278 (BM, E, M, WRSL). Lojka Lich. Univ. 31 (BM ex K, M) Chemistry not tested: Arnold Lich. Exs. 279 (WRSL), 280A (BM, BM ex K, M), 280B (BM ex K, M) Arnold Lich. Mon. 243 (UPS), 245 (BM ex K, M). Hepp Zur. 224 (BERN). Kutak Lich. Bohem. 310 (O) Magnusson Lich. Sel. Scand. 134 (BM). Malme Lich. Suec. 24 (M, S). Rabenh. Lich. Eur. 733 (H) Rasanen Lich. Fenn. 653 (LD). Schaerer Lich. Helv. 196 p.p. (BM ex K, M). Vezda Lich. Sel. 1595 (BM GZU, M). Zahlbr. Lich. Rar. 175 (BM). Zwackh. Lich. Exs. 416 (UPS), 591A (H-NYL 21598), 591B (H-NYL 21594, 21599), 592A (UPS), 592B (M, UPS), 592C (UPS), 592D (M, UPS), 592E (UPS), 593B (H-NYL 21600), 593C (H-NYL 21595), 656 (UPS). 35. Micarea pycnidiophora Coppins & P. James (Fig. 28: Map 21) in Lichenologist 11: 153 (1979). Type: England, South Hampshire, New Forest, near Cadnam, Shave Wood, 45 m, on bark of Fagus, 5 xi 1972, B. J. Coppins & F. Rose (E - holotype!; BM - isotype!). Thallus corticolous, often overgrowing moribund thaUi of bryophytes and other hchens; effuse, often wide-spreading, thin, uneven, composed of scattered to confluent areolae arising from a thin varnish-like prothallus. Areolae flattened to convex-hemispherical, grey-green or dull green, c. 40-100 ^im diam; in section, without a distinct cortex or hyaline amorphous covering layer. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 /^m diam. Apothecia usually few or absent but sometimes abundant, immarginate, convexhemispherical to globose, often tuberculate, ivory-white to palUd, translucent when moist, surface matt, 0- 1-0-3 mm diam. Hymenium 35-50 /xm, hyaUne. Asci clavate, 30-35 x 10-12 /am. Spores ± straight and vertically aligned in the ascus (never tightly spiralled), shortly acicular.
180 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Upper end usually broader and more obtuse than the lower end, usually slightly curved, 3-7-septate, (14-)21-34x2-2-5(-2-7) (xm. Paraphyses numerous, branched and anastomosing, c. 1-1-5 ^tm, not swollen at apices. Hypothecium 20-80 ^tm tall, hyaline; hyphae interwoven, but becoming vertically orientated towards the hymenium, c. 1-1-5 /xm wide; ascogenous hyphae with swollen cells, c. 2-4 /xm wide. Excipulum poorly developed (c. 10 /am wide); hyphae radiating, branched and anastomosing, c. 1 /xm wide. Pycnidia always numerous and conspicuous, sessile or shortly stalked, whitish (concolorous with the apothecia), 100-300 /xm tall (including stalk) and 60-120 /xm diam; stalks (pycnidiophores) simple but occasionally clustered and appearing as if branched at the base; stalk tissue composed of interwoven hyphae c. 1-1-5 /am wide that ± separate in K. Conidiogenous cells ± cylindrical, 5-10x1-1-5 (xm. Conidia (mesoconidia) cylindrical, eguttulate, 3-8-6x1l-2(-l-5)/xm. acid. Chemistry: Apothecia, pycnidia and thallus (in section) K-, C+ red, PD-; t.l.c: gyrophoric Observations: Micarea pycnidiophora is characterized by its whitish apothecia and concolorous, ± stalked pycnidia, shortly acicular spores, and C-l- red reactions (gyrophoric acid). It most closely resembles M. stipitata, which differs in having more elongate and often distinctly branched pycnidiophores, larger conidia, and C— reactions (gyrophoric acid absent). M. globulosella and M. synotheoides have similar acicular spores, but their apothecia are darkcoloured with an olivaceous (K-l- violet) pigment, and their pycnidia are inconspicuous and usually immersed in the thallus. Confusion could arise with Scoliciosporum pruinosum (P. Map 21 Micarea pycnidiophora k. + Micarea stipitata^
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90 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS fM. elachista
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92 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS Saxicolous ha
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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 95 T
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Infrageneric considerations LICHEN
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