Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

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LICHEN GENUS MICAREA IN EUROPE 171 Patellaria salevensis Miill. Arg. (= Bacidia salevensis (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr.). Miiller presumably regarded Naegeli's manuscript name as a synonym of his new species. B. salevensis (type in BM!) is a limestone species and is not a Micarea. As indicated by James (1965: 103) the first legitimate publication of the epithet 'trisepta' for a Bacidia-\\kt species is that by Hellbom {loc. cit). By including the epithet in Bilimbia as '5. trisepta (Naeg.)', Hellbom was clearly using it in its traditional sense and not introducing it as an entirely new name. There is no indication that any of the authors using the epithet 'trisepta Naeg.' had seen Naegeli's original material, and no such material has been found amongst Hepp's collections at BM. Because the original material is probably no longer in existence, neotypification is required. The epithet 'trisepta'' has been a long source of confusion, being used by various authors for several species, especially Micarea lignaria, M. melaena, M. nitschkeana, M. peliocarpa, and M. ternaria. However, it is clear from the descriptions and cited specimens in Stizenberger (loc. cit.), Bausch (loc. cit.), Hedlund (1892), and Vainio (1922) that the epithet 'trisepta' has most commonly been applied to the species now called Micarea peliocarpa. Because 'trisepta' first appeared in the protologue of a saxicolous species the neotype chosen is an example of Hepp Flecht. Eur. 510 which was cited under, or in connection with, 'trisepta' in the treatments of Stizenberger, Bauch, Hedlund, and Vainio. Thallus effuse, sometimes partly endocuticular, endophloeodal or endoxylic, more usually developed on the surface of the substratum as rounded, shallow-convex, hemispherical, or ± globose areolae. Areolae scattered or more usually ± continguous, greenish white, or greywhite to blue-grey, occasionally becoming dark grey, often dark coloured on upper surface but pale and greenish white below, matt or slightly glossy, c. 40-200 ixm diam. Areolae in section, ecorticate but with an amorphous hyaline covering layer c. 2-5 /x,m thick; outermost hyphae often with grey-green to blue-green walls, K-, HNO3+ red. Phycobiont micareoid, cells 4-7 /xm diam. Apothecia scattered or more usually crowded and often contiguous, adnate, plane to convex, sometimes becoming tuberculate; sometimes with an indistinct margin that is flush with the level of the disc; rarely (as in shaded corticolous forms) whitish or ivory-white, usually pale lead-grey to grey-black, sometimes grey-brown, often whitish or paler at the margin; (0-12-)0- 14-0-4 (-0-6) mm diam, or to 1 mm when tuberculate. Disc finely roughened, matt, or slightly glossy (when black); margin (when evident) smooth and often more glossy than the disc. Hymenium 40-55 iJLm tall, usually olive-green or aeruginose (K— , HNO3-I- red) in upper part and ± hyaline below; in dark coloured apothecia the green pigment often occurs as vertical streaks through the hymenium. Asci clavate c. 40-55x12-17 /xm. Spores fusiform, clavate-fusiform, or oblongfusiform, often slightly curved, (l-)3(-5)-septate, (ll-)15-23(-24)x3-5(-6) /am. Paraphyses numerous, branched, often anastomosing, 1-1-5 /xm wide; apices often more richly branched and entangled, often slightly incrassate to c. 1-8 /xm, or to 2-5 /i,m due to thickening by green pigment. Hypotheciumc. 40-70 />im tall, hyaUne or dilute straw; hyphae interwoven, c. 1-1 -7 /xm wide; ascogenous hyphae with swollen cells c. 2-4 /xm wide. Excipulum well developed, hyaline, or dilute straw in part, of richly branched and anastomosing, radiating hyphae c. 1-1-5 ^im. Pycnidia frequently present (especially on bark or lignum), of two types: (a) immersed in areolae, white or greenish around the ostiole, 140-200 /xm diam, ostiole often widely gaping; conidia (macroconidia) markedly curved and often sigmoid, often faintly 1-5-septate, 21-40(- 50)x 1-1-5 fim; (b) ± sessile, white, 50-80 /xm diam, ostioles not, or only slightly, gaping; conidia (microconidia) narrowly fusiform-cylindrical, (5-)6-7(-7-7)x0-4-0-7 /xm. Chemistry: Thallus and whitish apothecia K-, C-lorange-red; t.l.c: gyrophoric acid. red, PD— ; apothecia in section C-l- Observations: M. peliocarpa occurs in a wide range of habitats and is concurrently variable, especially regarding the colour of its apothecia and thallus. This variation is considered to be phenotypic, being due to the amount of green pigment produced in the hymenium and near the surface of the thallus in response to environmental factors, particularly light. When on the bark of old trees in sheltered woodland the apothecia are often very pale to blue-grey, more scattered than usual, and accompanied by numerous pycnidia; such forms are frequent in the ancient woodlands of the New Forest, Hampshire. There is some variation as to the production of areolae, these being often poorly developed or even absent when on cortex or lignum, and
172 BRIAN JOHN COPPINS usually abundant and well developed in more exposed situations on mossy rocks and peaty debris. M. peliocarpa is most closely related to M. alabastrites and M. cinerea (see under the former for further discussion). Apart from these two species, M. peliocarpa is most often confused with M. lignaria {q.v.) especially when occurring in exposed habitats where its apothecia may be black and markedly convex. Similarly, confusion could occur with the rare M. ternaria {q.v.), which like M. peliocarpa has rather flattened apothecia (in section) with a well developed excipulum. When fertile, M. leprosula has apothecia very hke those of M. peliocarpa, but its thallus is composed of fragile areolae that readily dissolve into soredia and contains argopsin (PD+ red) as well as gyrophoric acid. In certain habitats, such as the stems of old shrubs (e.g. Calluna, Erica, and Ulex), M. peliocarpa could be mistaken for M. nitschkeana although the latter has an olivaceous, K+ violet pigment in the hymenium, pycnidial walls and thallus, and smaller spores. Specimens collected from Xanthorion communities and attributed to M. peliocarpa (or one of its synonyms) are mostly referable to Bacidia naegelii, which has simple paraphyses with markedly swollen apices, an excipulum of coherent hyphae (in K), and a very different thallus structure. Habitat and distribution: M. peliocarpa is rather catholic in its choice of habitat. As an epiphyte on bark (or on bryophytes thereon) it is mostly commonly found on mature Quercus, but has also been collected from Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Fraxinus, Ilex, Salix, Larix, Pinus, Juniperus, Calluna, Erica, and Ulex. It has a preference for trunks and main stems rather than small twigs and branches. Amongst the British collections associated lichens on bark include Arthonia spadicea, Biatorina atropurpurea, 'Botrydina vulgaris', Cladonia spp., Hypogymnia physodes, Lecanora pallida, L. symmicta agg., Lecidea icmalea, Leparia incana agg., Micarea alabastrites, Micarea cinerea, Normandina pulchella, Ochrolechia androgyna, Farmelia saxatilis, Parmeliella jamesii, Pertusaria hymenea, Phyllopsora rosei, Platismatia glauca, Stenocybe septata and Trapelia sp. In the north and west of Britain it is frequently encountered on the lignum of fallen trunks and large branches (especially conifers), accompanied by such species as Lecidea granulosa agg. , L. turgidula, Micarea denigrata, M. lignaria (including var. endoleuca), Mycoblastus sterilis, Ptychographa xylographoides, Xylographa abietina, and X. vitiligo. In the same areas it is often common on peaty soil, and on moribund bryophytes or peaty debris on old walls, boulders and rock faces, preferring rather more sheltered conditions than M. lignaria, with which it is easily confused in the field. Furthermore, it is not found at such high altitudes as attained by that species, and all British collections seem to have been made at below 500 m. Associated species in these habitats include Cladonia crispata, C. coccifera, C. squamosa, C. uncialis, Coelocaulon aculeatum s. lat., Hypogymnia physodes, Lecidea icmalea, Micarea leprosula, Ochrolechia androgyna, Farmelia saxatilis, dind Platismatia glauca. It is less frequently found growing directly on rock, and records from Britain indicate that it is able to do so only in rather dry situations. Such occurrences are mostly in the rather low rainfall districts of, for example, Durham, east Yorkshire and Sussex; accompanying species noted include Baeomyces rufus, Cystocoleus ebeneus, Lecidea granulosa agg. , L. icmalea, Lecanora polytropa, Lepraria incana agg., Farmeliopsis ambigua, Trapelia coarctata, and T. involuta. M. peliocarpa is widely distributed in Britain but is most common in the west and in upland districts (but at low altitudes). This pattern is reflected in Europe as a whole, and it is apparently common in countries along the Atlantic seaboard and on the Atlantic islands including Iceland, the Azores, and Canary Islands. In central and eastern Europe it is found mainly in mountainous districts. Northwards it extends to just beyond the Arctic Circle, but I do not know of its occurrence in the high arctic. From outside Europe I have seen material from eastern Canada and north-eastern USA, and from New Zealand. Exsiccata: Anzi Lick. Sondr. 170A (UPS). Arnold Lich. Exs. 167A, B (BM ex K, M), 837, 1051 (BM ex K). Arnold Lich. Mon. 1 18 (BM ex K), 269, 357, 482 (BM ex K, MANCH). Hepp Flecht. Eur. 284 (E, M), 285 (E, L, M), 510 (E, M). Hepp Zur. 206 (BERN). Korber Lich. Sel.Germ. 133A, B (M). Krypt. Exs. Vindob. 165 (BM). Larb. Lich. Herb. 347 (BM). Leighton Lich. Brit. 23^ p.p. (BM, DBN, FRS). Lojka Lich. Hung. 134 (BM ex K). Malme Lich. Suec. 169 (S). Rasanen Lichenoth. Fenn. 343 (BM). Vezda Lich. Sel. 1342, 1380 (BM). Zwackh. Lich. Exs. 276, 897 (UPS).
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Infrageneric considerations LICHEN
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